Signals and Systems

Instructor M. IRFAN ARSHAD

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Office: 051-9047554
E-mail: irfan.arshad@uettaxila.edu.pk
Text books and notes 1. “Signals and Systems”,
Oppenheim, Willsky 2nd
edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.,
2003.
2. “Signals And System”
Haykin ,Van Veen , Wiley,
Inc., 1999.

Additional books
 Outline
• Motivation
• Outline of course
• Fundamentals
• Power and energy of a signal
• Transformation of time variable
• Even and Odd Signals
 Motivation

LTI
System

+ H(z)

G(z)
 Fundamentals >> Signals
• Broad definition: Functions of independent variables.
– Examples: music, velocity of some car, your cash, voltage or
current in a circuit, your body temperature, your heart’s
blood pumping rate..
• Signals can be functions of single or multiple
independent variables .
• We will only deal with signals that are functions of
single independent variable, particularly time t.
 Fundamentals >> Signals (cont’d)
• Signals can be:
– Discrete x[n], n is integer.
– Continuous x(t), t is real.
• Signals can be represented in mathematical form:
– x(t) = et, x[n] = n/2
0 ,t  5
– y(t) =  2
 t ,t  5
• Discrete signals can also be represented as sequences:
– {y[n]} = {…,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,…}
• Exercise: Represent the above signals in graphical
form.
 Fundamentals >> Systems
• System is a black box that transforms input signals to output
signals.
– Discrete-Time System: Input and output signals are discrete.

x[n] y[n]
H

– Continuous-Time System: Input and output signals are continuous.

x(t) y(t)
H

– Combination is also possible, e.g. analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog

converters.
 Power and Energy of Signals
• Energy: accumulation of absolute of the signal
 T 
E  lim  x(t ) dt   x(t )
2 2
dt
T 
T 
 N 
E  lim  x[n]   x[n]
2 2

N 
n N 
• Power: average of absolute of the signal
 T
1 E
P  lim T x(t ) dt  Tlim
2

T  2T  2T

 1 N
E
P  lim  x[n]  lim
2

N  2 N  1 N  2 N  1
n N
 Power and Energy of Signals (cont’d)
• Energy signal iff 0<E<, and so P=0.
– e.g:  0, t  0
x(t )   t
e , t  0
• Power signal iff 0<P<, and so E=.
– e.g: {x[n]}  ... 1,1, 1,1,1,1...}
• Neither energy nor power, when both E and P are infinite.
– e.g: x(t )  et
• Exercise: Calculate power and energy for the above signals.
 Transformations of Time Variable
• Three possible time transformations:
– Time Flip (or reverse): x(-t), x[-n]
• Flips the signal over the vertical axis.
– Time Shift: x(t+a), x[n+a]
• On horizontal axis, shifts to the right when a<0, shifts to the left when
a>0.
– Time Scale: x(at), x[an] for a>0.
• On horizontal axis, scales the signal length down when a>1, scales it
up when a<1.
 Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)

• Time-flip example:
x(t) x(-t)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 2

• Time-shift example:
x(t-1) x(t+1)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 -3 -2 -1
 Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)

• Time-scale example:
x(2t) x(t/2)
1 1
t t
-1 -1/2 -4 -3 -2 -1

• Combinations are possible:

x(-2t) x(-t+3)
1 1
t t
-1 -1/2 1 2 3 4 5 6
 Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)

• Be careful when combining the transformations.

– e.g. x(-t+3) = x1(t-3) where x1(t)= x(-t) or
x(-t+3) = x2(-t) where x2(t)= x(t-3)
• Given y(t) below, find y(-3t+6) in different orders:
flip/shift/scale flip/scale/shift, shift/flip/scale.

y(t)
2
t
1 2 3
-2
 Even and Odd Signals
• x[n] is even, if x[n]=x[-n]
• x[n] is odd, if x[-n]=-x[n]
• Any signal x[n] can be divided into two parts:
– Ev{x[n]} = (x[n]+x[-n])/2
– Od{x[n]} = (x[n]-x[-n])/2
• The arguments above are also valid for continuous signals.
• Exercise: Divide the following signals into even and odd parts:

x[n] y(t)
1 1
n t
… -2 -1 1 2… -1 1
-1
 Unit Step
• Discrete Unit Step u[n]

1 ,n  0 1
– u[n]= 
0 ,n  0
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

• Discrete Shifted Unit Step u[n-k]

1 ,n  k 1
– u[n-k]= 
0 ,n  k
n
-1 1 … k
 Unit Step (cont’d)
• Continuous Unit Step u(t)

1 ,t  0 1
– u(t)= 
0 ,t  0
t

• Continuous Shifted Unit Step

u(t- )
1 ,t   1
– u(t-)= 
0 ,t  
t

 Unit Step (cont’d)
• Continuous Unit Step is discontinuous at t=0, so is not
differentiable!
• Define delayed unit step: u(t)

1 ,t   / 2 1

u (t )  0 ,t   / 2 t
 t 1 , otherwise  
  
2 2
 2
• u(t) is continuous and differentiable.  1
du (t )  ,  / 2  t   / 2
u (t )  lim u (t )  
 0 dt , otherwise
0
 Unit Impulse
• Discrete Unit Impulse [n]

1 ,n  0 1
 [ n]  
0 ,n  0
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

• Discrete Shifted Unit Impulse [n-k]

1
1 ,n  k
 [n  k ]   n
0 ,n  k -1 1 … k
 Unit Impulse (cont’d)
• Properties of discrete Unit Impulse functions:
 [n]  u[n]  u[n  1]
n
u[n]    [k ]
k  

x[n] [n]  x[0] [n]

x[n] [n  k ]  x[k ] [n  k ]

x[n]   x[k ] [n  k ]
k  
 Unit Impulse (cont’d)
(t)
• Continuous Unit Impulse:
 ,t  0 1/
 (t )   t
0 , t  0 
 
 2 2

  (t )dt  1

(t)

1   0
du (t )  , t 
 (t )  lim   2 2 t
 0 dt 0 , otherwise
 Unit Impulse (cont’d)
(t-)

• Continuous Shifted Unit Impulse:

t

• Properties of continuous unit impulse:
du (t )
 (t ) 
dt
t
u (t )    ( )d 

 x(t )   x( ) (t   )d

 (t )   (t ) 

x(t ) (t )  x(0) (t )
x(t ) (t   )  x( ) (t   )
 Exercises
• Calculate the following expressions:
10 10 

 nu[n]    n [n  2k ]
n   n   k  0
10

 t (u(t )   (t  15))dt


• Sketch the following signals:

x[n]  (1  n)u[n]  nu[n  3]
x(t )  (t  2)u (t )  t (u (t  4)  u (t  6)  u (t  8))

• Sketch derivative of x(t), i.e. dx(t)/dt.

 Signals as Step Functions
x(t) y(t)

c 1
t t
a b -1 1

z(t) w(t)
2
1
1 t t
-1 -2 -1 1

2
Signals as Step Functions (cont’d)
x[n]
1
n
-1 1 … N

y[n]
1
n
… -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5…
 Exercises on Unit Step and Impulse
• Evaluate the following expressions:
 t t

 (cos  )u ( )d  (cos  ) ( )d

1

1
 (t   )d
 

• Sketch derivative of the following signals:

y(t) z(t)

1 1
t t
-1 1 -1 1