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Nervous Systems: Concepts & Connections
Nervous Systems: Concepts & Connections
CHAPTER 28
Nervous Systems
INTEGRATION
Sensory receptor
MOTOR OUTPUT
Effector
Peripheral nervous Central nervous
system (PNS) system (CNS)
Figure 28.1A
Ganglia
outside
CNS
Spinal
nerves
Figure 28.11A
Brain
Ganglion
3
Motor
neuron Spinal
cord
Quadriceps 4
muscles
Interneuron
CNS
Nerve
Flexor
muscles
PNS
Figure 28.1B
Cell body
Cell
body
Node of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
Signal
Axon pathway
Schwann cell
Nucleus
Nucleus Nodes of
Ranvier Schwann cell
Figure 28.2
– Muatan positif
membrane Microelectrode
–70 mV outside cell
– Muatan negatif
di daerah sitoplasma Axon
Neuron
Figure 28.3A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Potensial istirahat dihasilkan dan dipertahankan
dengan bantuan pompa Na-K
– Pompa ini membawa K+ masuk ke dalam sel dan Na+
keluar sel
OUTSIDE OF CELL
K+ Na+ K+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
channel
Plasma K+
Na+ - K+
membrane pump
K+
channel
Na+ K+
K+ K+
Protein
K+ K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
INSIDE OF CELL
Figure 28.3B
Na+
3 Additional Na+ channels open, K+
K+ channels are closed; interior of 4 Na+ channels close and
cell becomes more positive. inactivate. K+ channels
open, and K+ rushes
Na+
Action out; interior of cell more
potential negative than outside.
3
4
2 5 The K+ channels close
Na+ Threshold
potential relatively slowly, causing
2 A stimulus opens some Na+ 1 1 a brief undershoot.
channels; if threshold is reached, 5
action potential is triggered. Resting potential
Neuron
Neuron
interior
interior
1 Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting
potential is maintained. 1 Return to resting state.
Figure 28.4
Action potential
Axon
1 Na+ segment
K+ Action potential
2 Na+
K+
K+ Action potential
3 Na+
K+ Figure 28.5
ANCHORING
JUNCTION
Plasma
membranes of
adjacent cells
Extracellular
Figure 4.19B matrix
2
3
Vesicle fuses with
plasma membrane Neurotransmitter
is released into
synaptic cleft
SYNAPTIC
CLEFT
4
Receiving
neuron Neuro-
transmitter
RECEIVING Neurotransmitter binds to
NEURON
Ion channels molecules receptor
Ions
mungkin
menerima
sinyal dari
ratusan sel
Myelin
sheath
Receiving
Axon
Synaptic
knobs
Figure 28.7
CHAPTER 26
Chemical Regulation
Figure 26.1B
Figure 26.2A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sistem endokrin pada vertebrata
Overview: Sistem endokrin pada vertebrata
• Hipotalamus
merupakan pusat
pengontrolan dari
sistem endokrin
– Kelenjar ini mengatur
sekresi dari anterior
dan posterior pituitari
TRH
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
No iodine Insufficient
T4 and T3
Thyroid
produced
Thyroid grows
to form goiter
Figure 26.6A, B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormon dari tiroid dan paratiroid berperan
mengatur keseimbangan kalsium
Thyroid
gland
releases Stimulates Reduces
calcitonin Ca2+ deposition Ca2+ uptake
in bones in kidneys
STIMULUS:
Rising
blood Ca2+
level Homeostasis: Normal blood
(imbalance) STIMULUS:
calcium level (about 10 mg/100 mL)
Falling
blood Ca2+
level
(imbalance)
Active
vitamin D
Parathyroid
glands
release parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid
Stimulates Increases Increases gland
Ca2+ release Ca2+ uptake Ca2+ uptake
PTH
from bones in kidneys in intestines
Figure 26.7
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Kelenjar adrenal mengatur respon tubuh terhadap
stres
Adrenal
medulla STRESS
Adrenal Nerve
gland signals Hypothalamus
Adrenal
cortex
Kidney Releasing hormone
Nerve
Spinal cord Anterior pituitary
cell
(cross Blood vessel
section)
Nerve ACTH
cell
CHAPTER 21
Nutrition and Digestion
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
Gall-
bladder
Small
Pancreas intestine Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Larynx
Esophageal Larynx Larynx
sphincter up down
Trachea
Esophagus Esophagus
(windpipe)
Figure 21.6
Circular Relaxed
muscle layer muscles
Circular Relaxed
muscles muscles
contract,
Bolus of constricting
food passageway
and pushing
bolus down
Longitudinal
muscles
contract,
shortening
passageway
ahead of bolus
Stomach
Longitudinal
muscle layer
Figure 21.7
Pariental cells
Figure 21.8
Epithelial
cells
Lumen
Muscle
layers
Blood
Circular folds capillaries
Figure 21.10B
masuk ke dalam
usus besar/kolon
– Air diserap End
of small Small
intestine intestine
– Feces Rectum
diproduksi Anus
Nutrient
flow
Appendix
Cecum
Figure 21.11
Small
intestine Stomach
Cecum
Colon
(large
intestine)
Esophagus
Rumen
4 Abomasum 2 Reticulum
Figure 21.12B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
CHAPTER 23
Circulation
Capillary
Red
blood
cell
Figure 23.1A
Capillary
Diffusion of
INTERSTITIAL molecules
FLUID
Tissue
cell
Figure 23.1B
Circular
canal
Figure 23.2A
Pulmonary
Superior
artery
vena cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Pulmonary
veins Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
Semilunar
valve valve
Atrioventricular
valve Atrioventricular
valve
Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT LEFT
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
Pulmonary
artery Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries Capillaries
of right lung 9 Aorta of left lung
3 2 3
4
11
Pulmonary Pulmonary
vein vein
5
1 LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
10 LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT VENTRICLE
Inferior Aorta
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
8
Figure 23.4B
ARTERY VEIN
VENULE
ARTERIOLE
Figure 23.5
• Diastole
1 Heart is 2 Atria
– Darah mengalir dari relaxed.
AV valves
contract.
jantung
• Sistol
SYSTOLE
– Artrium berkontraksi
0.1 sec
Right
atrium
Right
ventricle
1 2 3 4
terbesar Diastolic
terjadi di pressure
Figure 23.9A
Direction of
blood flow
in vein
Figure 23.12A
Osmotic Osmotic
Arterial pressure pressure Venous
end of end of
capillary capillary
Blood Blood
pressure pressure
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID NET PRESSURE NET PRESSURE
OUT IN
Figure 23.12B
Figure 23.13
Figure 23.14
Basophil Eosinophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil Lymphocyte
Figure 23.15
• Ketika pembuluh
darah rusak, platelet
merspon
– Mereka membantu
pembentukan fibrin
yang berperan
dalam proses
penyumbatan
Figure 23.16B
Connective
tissue
Platelet
Platelet releases chemicals plug
that make nearby platelets sticky
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Figure 23.16A
CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases
Lung CO2
1 Breathing
Circulatory
system
2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system
Mitochondria
3 Servicing of O2
cells within
the body CO2
tissues
Capillary
Cell
Figure 22.1
Body surface
Respiratory
surface
(gill)
CO2 Capillaries
O2
Figure 22.2B
Body surface
Body surface
Respiratory
surface Respiratory
(tracheae) surface
O2 (within lung)
Figure 22.2C, D
of fish gills
of water
flow
Gill arch
Blood
vessels
Gill
filaments
Oxygen-poor
blood
Oxygen-rich
blood
Lamella
Water
flow Figure 22.3
Blood flow
through
lamellae
Figure 22.4
CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases
Figure 22.5B
Tracheae
Opening
for air
Body
cell
Tracheole Air
sac
Trachea
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right
lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B
Rib cage
Rib cage
expands as
gets smaller
rib muscles Air Air
as rib muscles
contract inhaled exhaled
relax
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION EXHALATION
Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes
(moves down) (moves up)
Figure 22.8A
Air Air
Anterior
air sacs
Trachea
Air
tubes
in lung
INHALATION: EXHALATION: 1 mn
Air sacs fill Air sacs empty; lungs fill
Figure 22.8B
kejadian
BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Nerve signal
Nerve signals
indicating low
trigger
O2 level
contraction
of muscles
O2 sensor
in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9 Rib muscles
Figure 22.10A
Heme Iron
group atom
O2 loaded O2
in lungs
O2 unloaded
in tissues O2
Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B
1. pH darah
2. Keberadaan 1,2 dipospogliserat
3. Gradien konsentrasi O2 dan CO2
4. Suhu
CO2 produced
karbonat BLOOD
PLASMA CO2 Capillary
RED Hemoglobin
– H+ kemudian diikat BLOOD H2CO3
picks up
CELL Carbonic acid CO2 and H+
bikarbonat
CO2
CO2
H2O
Hemoglobin
H2CO3
releases
CO2 and H+
HCO3– + H+
HCO3–
Figure 22.11B
CHAPTER 24
The Immune System
Figure 24.1A
mRNA
3 5 Interferon
stimulates
Interferon cell to turn
molecules on genes
for antiviral
proteins
Phagocytes
Bacteria Phagocytes and
Chemical fluid move
signals into area
White
blood cell
1 Tissue injury; release of 2 Dilation and increased leakiness 3 Phagocytes (macrophages and
chemical signals such as of local blood vessels; migration neutrophils) consume bacteria
histamine of phagocytes to the area and cell debris; tissue heals
Figure 24.2
Appendix LYMPHATIC
Spleen CAPILLARY
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Bone
marrow Lymphatic
vessels
Figure 23.3
VALVE
Tissue cells
Interstitial
Blood
fluid
capillary
LYMPHATIC
CAPILLARY Figure 23.3B
Masses of
lymphocytes and
macrophages
Outer capsule of
lymph node
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Figure 23.3C, D
berperan dalam
THYMUS
Via
Immature
lymphocytes
– Sel B Antigen
mensekresikan receptors
menyerang antigen
CELL-
HUMORAL Via MEDIATED
IMMUNITY blood IMMUNITY
• Determinan Antibody A
antigenik/epitop
molecules
Antigen-
merupakan binding
sites
bagian dari
antigen yang
dikenali oleh Antigen
Antigenic
determinants
antibodi
Antibody B
molecule
Figure 24.6
Cell growth
division, and
differentiation
Antibody
molecules
Figure 24.7
Figure 24.8A
antigen, mereka
FIRST CLONE
memperbanyak
diri dengan cepat
Memory cells
dan Second exposure to antigen Effector cells
menghasilkan
SECOND CLONE
respon sekunder
yang cepat
More memory cells
New effector cells
Figure 24.8B
Clone of
cells Memory B cell
Plasma cell
Antibody
molecules
Later
SECONDARY RESPONSE
exposure
(can be years later)
to same
Cell growth, antigen
division, and further
differentiation
Larger clone
of cells
Plasma cell
Memory B cell
Antibody Figure 24.9
molecules
Figure 24.10A
Antigen-binding
sites
Light
chain
Heavy
chain
Figure 24.10B
• IgA
• IgG
• IgD
• IgM
• IgE
Antigen
Bacterium molecules
Foreign cell Hole
Enhances Leads to
Macrophage
Figure 24.11
sel T helper.
Antigen tersebut
Self protein
displaying
antigen T cell receptor
terikat molekul
MHC yang 2 3
Helper
Binding
site for
diproduksi oleh
self
T cell protein
4
APC Binding site
APC for antigen
Figure 24.13A
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• Reseptor sel T helper mengenali kompleks
antigen-MHC pada sel APC
– Interaksi tersebut mengaktivasi sel T helper
– Sel T helper kemudian dapat mengaktifasi sel
T sitotoksik dengan reseptor yang sama
Interleukin-2
activates
APC Helper other T cells
T cell and B cells
Humoral
immunity
B cell (secretion of
antibodies by
Interleukin-1 plasma cells)
activates
helper T cell Figure 24.13B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Sel T sitotoksik berikatan dengan sel yang
terinfeksi dan menghancurkannya
Hole
forming
Foreign
antigen
INFECTED CELL
Cytotoxic
Perforin T cell
molecule
Figure 24.13C
Figure 24.14
B cell
(plasma cell)
Histamine
Mast
Antigenic
cell
determinant
Figure 24.17
CHAPTER 25
Control of the Internal
Environment
Convection Radiation
Evaporation
Figure 25.2A
Vein
Capillary network
Heart within muscle
Figure 25.2B
menghangatkan darah
dingin dari insang atau 20˚ 22˚
anggota gerak Blood
flow
– Proses ini dapat
22˚ 24˚
mencegah kehilangan
panas Heat
transfer
24˚ 26˚
Figure 25.2C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Perilaku sering mempengaruhi suhu tubuh
• Berjemur
• Berteduh
• Mandi
• Mengubur diri
• Migrasi
Figure 25.3
Figure 25.4
–NH2
Amino groups
Ammonia Urea
Uric acid Figure 25.8
• Sistem ekskresi
– Membuang
sisa-sia (Inferior
– Mengatur (Aorta)
keseimbangan Bladder
Urethra
garam
A. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Figure 25.9A
Figure 25.9B, C
Arteriole Capillaries
berhubungan Arteriole
from glomerulus
3 Distal
tubule
dengan pembuluh
darah
Branch of From
renal vein another
nephron
– Filtrat kemudian
diproses sehinga
dihasilkan urin dalam
jumlah yang rendah D. DETAILED STRUCTURE OF A NEPHRON
Figure 25.9D
• Filtrasi
– Disebabkan oleh adanya tekanan darah.
• Reabsorbsi
– Nefron mengambil senyawa-senyawa di dalam
filtrat yang masih dapat dipergunakan kembali.
Nephron tubule
FILTRATION REABSORPTION EXCRETION
SECRETION
H2O, other small molecules Urine
Capillary
Figure 25.10
Some NH H+ K+
3 H+
Filtrate drugs Collecting
H2O and poisons duct
CORTEX
Salts (NaCl, etc.)
MEDULLA
HCO3–
H+ Loop of
Urea Henle NaCl
Glucose
Amino acids NaCl
Some drugs H2O
Reabsorption
Urea
Active transport
NaCl H2O
Passive transport
Secretion
(active transport)
Figure 25.11
CHAPTER 27
Reproduction and Embryonic
Development
Module 27.1
Figure 27.1D
Eggs
• Hermaphroditism
– Satu individu yang
yang memiliki
kelamin jantan dan
betina
Figure 27.1B, C
• Kelemahan
– Memerlukan lokasi hewan
CHAPTER 27
Reproduction and Embryonic
Development
• Ovari
– Mengandung Ovaries Oviduct
folikel tempat
pertumbuhan
telur Corpus luteum Follicles
Uterus Wall of uterus
– Menghasilkan Endometrium
(lining of uterus)
hormon sek
Cervix
(“neck” of uterus)
Vagina
• Oviducts
– Mengalirkan
Figure 27.2A
telur ke uterus
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• Uterus
– Tempat
berkembangny
a zigot
Ovaries Oviduct
• Vagina
– Saluran lahir Corpus luteum Follicles
Uterus Wall of uterus
Endometrium
(lining of uterus)
Cervix
(“neck” of uterus)
Vagina
Figure 27.2A
Egg
cell
Figure 27.2B
Ovary
Uterus
Bladder
Rectum
(excretory system)
(digestive system)
Pubic bone
Cervix Urethra
(excretory system)
Shaft
Vagina
Glans Clitoris
Bartholin’s gland Prepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening
Figure 27.2C
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.3 Anatomi reproduksi jantan
• Semen
– Sperm, yang dilepaskan selama ejakulasi
– Sekresi kelenjar yang membawa, memberi
nutrisi, dan melindungi sperma
• Testes
– Memproduksi sperma
– Terletak diluar rongga tubuh, di dalam skrotum
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue
of penis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis Glans of
penis
Figure 27.3B
Figure 27.3A
Releasing
hormone
Negative feedback
Anterior
pituitary
FSH LH
Androgen
production
Testis
Sperm
production
Figure 27.3D
CHAPTER 27
Reproduction and Embryonic
Development
• Spermatogenesis
– Memproduksi sperma pada pria
• Oogenesis
– Memproduksi ovum pada wanita
Testis Penis
Scrotum
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE
(haploid; double chromatids)
MEIOSIS II
Figure 27.4A
Differentiation and
onset of MEIOSIS I
PRIMARY OOCYTE,
Completion of MEIOSIS I
and onset of MEIOSIS II
SECONDARY OOCYTE,
First
arrested at metaphase
polar body
of MEIOSIS II;
released from ovary
OVUM
Second
(haploid) polar body
Figure 27.4B
Growing
follicles
Mature follicle
SECONDARY Ovary
OOCYTE
OVULATION Ruptured follicle Figure 27.4C
Table 27.5
Anterior pituitary
FSH LH
LH
FSH
FSH LH
Figure 27.5
Estrogen Progesterone
and estrogen
(4) OVARIAN HORMONES
IN BLOOD
Estrogen
Progesterone
Estrogen Progesterone
and estrogen
(5) MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Endometrium
CHAPTER 27
Reproduction and Embryonic
Development
Tail
Mitochondrion
(spiral shape)
Nucleus
Acrosome
Figure 27.9B
– Fertilisasi adalah
penggabungan
sperma dengan sel
telur untuk
membentuk zigot
yang diploid
Figure 27.9A
fertilization
acrosomal enzymes
digest the
egg’s jelly 3 Proteins on the
SPERM
coat sperm head bind
to egg receptors
4 The plasma membranes
of sperm and egg fuse
Sperm
head 5 The sperm
nucleus
enters
Nucleus the egg
cytoplasm
Acrosome
Acrosomal
Plasma 6 A
membrane enzymes fertilization
envelope
forms
Receptor protein
molecules
Plasma Sperm
membrane nucleus
Vitelline
layer Cytoplasm Egg
Jelly
nucleus
coat
EGG CELL 7 The nuclei
of sperm
and egg fuse Zygote
nucleus
Figure 27.9C
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27.10 Pembelahan menghasilkan sekelompok sel
dari hasil permbelahan zigot
4 cells
8 cells
Blastocoel
Many cells
(solid ball)
• Perkembangan 1
gastrula
Vegetal pole BLASTULA
GASTRULATION
Blastopore
forming
Blastopore
forming Blastocoel
shrinking
Archenteron
Archenteron
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
4
Yolk plug
Yolk plug
GASTRULA
Figure 27.11C
Notochord
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Archenteron
Neural folds
Outer layer
of ectoderm
Neural tube
Figure 27.12A, B
akan berkembang
menjadi struktur
segmental Archenteron
(digestive cavity)
Figure 27.12C
CHAPTER 27
Reproduction and Embryonic
Development
Cleavage starts
Fertilization
of ovum
Ovary
Oviduct
Secondary
oocyte
Blastocyst
(implanted)
Ovulation
Endometrium
Uterus
Figure 27.16A
– Blastokis
memiliki rongga
yang terisi cairan
– Bagian dalam dari Cavity
sel akan
membentuk bayi
Trophoblast
– Bagian terluar
membentuk Figure 27.16B
trophoblast
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• Trophoblast mensekresikan enzim yang
memungkinkan terjadinya implantasi
Future embryo
Multiplying cells
of trophoblast
Future
yolk sac
Trophoblast
UTERINE CAVITY
Figure 27.16C
Amniotic
cavity Amnion
Mesoderm
cells Chorion
Yolk sac
Figure 27.16D
Amnion EMBRYO:
Figure 27.16E
Yolk sac
plasenta Amniotic
cavity
menyerap
Amnion
Embryo
nutrisi dan
oksigen dari Chorion
peredaran Chorionic
darah ibu villi
Figure 27.16F
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Plasenta juga memungkinkan The placenta
allows for a variety of substances to pass from
mother to fetus
– Protective antibodies
– German measles virus
– HIV
– Drugs (prescription and nonprescription)
– Alcohol
– Chemicals in tobacco smoke
Figure 27.17A, B
Figure 27.17C, D
Figure 27.17E
Induces oxytocin
Positive feedback
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to make
PROSTAGLANDINS
Stimulates more
contractions
of uterus
Figure 27.18A