Base Station Cooperation

By
Diversity Technique

Prepared by:Syed Asim Raza Zaidi

Student ID:000542700
Supervised by:Dr. Yifan Chen
 Presentation Outline
Wireless communication.
Fading.
Rayleigh and Ricean fading
Fading Mitigation Techniques.
Diversity and types.
Special or Antenna Diversity.
Receiver Diversity SIMO.
Selection Combining.
Selection Combining Block Diagram.
Outage Probability (Matlab Result).
Average SNR Output(Matlab Result).
Summary.
 Wireless communication
Transmission of Radio Waves in space without any wired media
referred to as wireless communication.
Propagation of radio waves can have some kind of distortion in
the channel like,fading,Interference, noise and data loss.
Most popular wireless application is cellular system.

Three main components of cellular system are:

Base transceiver station.

Channel.

Mobile station.
 Fading
Temporary failure of the signal is called fading.
Fading is a random process.
Fading may vary with time,frequeny and geo. positions.
There are two types of fading.
Small Scale fading.
is occurred as the mobile moves over distance of a
few wavelength.
Large scale fading.
is caused by the shadowing or the terrestrial
conditions.
Rayleigh and Rician Fading
Rayleigh fading is applicable when there is no Line of Sight.
Signals are coming via multipath after Scattering.
Multipath effect include constructive and destructive
interference, and phase shifting of the signal, causes Rayleigh
fading.
Rician fading occurs when one of the paths, typically a Line
of Sight is much stronger than the others.
Fading Mitigation Technique
Equalization Technique.

To eliminate the Inter Symbol Interference over a wireless channel.

Diversity Reception.

To mitigate the fading effect of multiple receiving independent signals.

Diversity can be done by Space, Time ,Frequency and Polarization. Space

diversity will be discussed later.

Rack receiver.

improve the performance of wideband system such as CDMA.

 Diversity and Types
Use multipath to the advantage of the Rx rather than just
combat it.
Diversity takes the independent signal paths, which are
highly uncorrelated.
Diversity improve the SNRs substantially as much as 20
to 30 dB.
Decision made by the receiver is not necessarily known by
the transmitter
There are two types of diversity in general.
Receiver diversity.
Transmitter diversity.
Spatial or Antenna Diversity
Antennas are separated several of wave length to ensure
uncorrelation.There are four types of spatial diversity.

Selection Diversity.
Feedback Diversity.
Maximum Ratio Combining.
Equal Gain Combining.
 Receiver Diversity SIMO
Receiver diversity is most applicable technique in cellular
system.
Transmit uplink Diversity is not possible because Mobile
size is small as compare to ½ of wavelength(λ).
Antenna separation should be more than several of wave
length to ensure the uncorrelation of signal.
This is also called Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO).
 Cellular Architecture and Diversity
combining

User at cell edge

BS

COMBINER

BSC
BS
Physical or wireless
connection

MSC BS
Scattered Signals from
mobile station
BS
 Selection Combining
Select the branch with highest SNR.

Convenient way to implement.

S.C requires only monitoring and switching system on

receiver.

Reduce Outage Probability.

Mitigate the fading problem.

Can be used in handoff.

 Selection Combiner

signal 1 Chart Title

Receiver
signal 2
1
.
.
. Receiver 2 Output
.
. . Logic
.
.
. Circuit
signal M .
.
Receiver
M

Outage probability:
Average combiner SNR:
 Outage probability
0utage Probability of 3-antenna diversity
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Outage probability(Po)

0.5 m=1 m=2 m=3

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Normalised snr
 Combiner Output
Selection combining M-antenna Diversity gain
350

300

250
C o m b in in g G a in

200

150
No diversity

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of Reciever antennas
 Summary
Project provide a thorough knowledge of:
 propagation.

Distortion and attenuation related to distance and shadowing of

objects.
Different fading mitigation techniques.

Working principle of base stations.

Different handover techniques and selection combining.

Advantages of selection combining including; reduction in outage

probability, substantial SNR gain and simplicity of implementation.
ANY QUESTIONS