Petroleum Refinery Presentation

Prepared and presented by Group No. 5

Group members
Muhammad Shahid Iftikhar (2k15-pet-11)
Muhammad Ali Raza (2k15-pet-34)
Muhammad Tahir (2k15-pet-35)
Muhammad Osama Khan (2k15-pet-30)
Muhammad Hamza Khan (2k15-pet-37)
Table of content
• Introduction and detail about natural gas
• Odorization of natural gas
• Odorizer and type
• Odorants
• Principle program of odorization
• Extraction process of natural gas
• Type of Natural gas
Introduction
• Natural gas is naturally occurring hydrocarbons.
• Natural gas mainly composed of methane with small
amount of ethane ,propane , butane and other
impurities.
• Natural gas also has Non hydrocarbons such as
nitrogen , hydrogen sulfide , carbon dioxide , helium
and water vapors.
• Natural gas occur as gas under high pressure
beneath the earth in porous rock it often in solution
with oil or condensate
Introduction
• Natural gas must be processed to remove impurities,
including water, to meet the specifications of marketable
natural gas.
• The by-products of this processing include:
Ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular
weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water
vapors, and sometimes helium and nitrogen with other
hydrocarbon reservoirs
Natural Gas Resources
• Natural gas is commercially produced from oil
fields and natural gas field
• Gas produced from oil wells is called casing head
gas or associated gas.
The natural gas industry is producing gas
from increasingly more challenging resource
types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas, coal-bed
methane, and methane gas hydrate
Natural gas reserves
Proved natural gas reserve
Natural Gas Reserve In Pakistan
• The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field
in Pakistan.
• It is located near Sui in Baluchistan.
• The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and
the commercial exploitation of the field began
in 1955.
• Sui gas field accounts for 6% of Pakistan's gas
production.
Natural Gas Reserve In Pakistan
• the second largest gas field in Pakistan after
Sui,is Located in Sindh, Qadirpur with
original recoverable
• Sindh is the largest gas producing province of
Pakistan, which contributes more than 70
percent gas of total production in the country.
Composition Of Natural Gas
Physical Properties Of Natural Gas
• It is colorless and odorless. For security during transportation
or processing, a commercial odorant is added to allow users
to detect the gas for safety.
• It is lighter than air with a specific gravity of about 0.6-0.8. If
leaks, it disperses upward and dissipates into the air quickly
• It is inflamed during a range of 5-15% by volume of gas in air
• The self-ignition temperature of natural gas is 537-540
Celsius degrees.
Odoriztion of Natural Gas
• Natural gas is odorless, colorless and tasteless.
• The process of injecting an odorant into gas by
an odorizer so that it is detectable by the nose
through a normal sense of smell at the
appropriate level is odorization.
Odorizer
• An odorizer is a device that adds an odorant to a
gas.
• The most common type is one that adds a
mercaptan liquid into natural gas distribution
systems so that leaks can be readily detected.
• Odorants used for natural gas vary from country
to country, depending on gas distribution
regulations. Some odorants contain sulfur,
which is oxidized to sulfur dioxide when the gas
is burned.
Type of odorizer
There are generally three types of odorizer
1. Wick type odorizers
2. Absorption bypass odorizers
3. Liquid injection type odorizers

1. Wick type odorizer

Wick type odorizers can be very small, odorizing
the gas for as few as one gas customer to much larger
ones that can odorize the gas for a small town (10,000
MCF). They use a wick which is very similar to those
used in a kerosene lantern. The odorant is drawn up
the wick from the container and into the gas stream.
Type of odorizer
2. Absorption by-pass odorizer
Absorption bypass odorizers take a portion of
the gas stream, the amount being dependent on the
flow of gas in the line, and run it through a tank
containing liquid odorant. The gas is passed over
the top of the liquid. Variations exist where wicks
are utilized to increase odorant vaporization.
Type of odorizer
3. Liquid injection type odorizers

• For very high volume systems (and for some smaller volume
systems), liquid injection odorizers are being manufactured.
• These odorizers work by the addition of small amounts of liquid
odorant to the moving gas.
• A pump that can be controlled to give the range of addition rates
necessary is a very important aspect of this type of odorizer.
• Computer control to monitor flow rates and vary injection rate is a
significant part of the more modern versions of this.
• Example
Peerless odorizer
Sulphur containing odorants
During odorization we use different types of odorants
that contain sulphur in it those are:
• tert-Butylthiol (TBM)
• Tetrahydrothiophene (THT)
• 2-Propanethiol
• Ethanethiol (EM)
• Dimethyl sulfide (DMS)
• Mercaptan, the harmless chemical that is added to
natural gas, contains sulfur, which makes it smell.
Many people describe the odor of mercaptan as
similar to rotten eggs.
Other odorants
• Non sulphur containing odorants
1)Methyl acrylate (MA)
2)Ethyl acrylate (EA)
3)Methylethyl pyrazine

• GAS ODORANTS
The gas odorant is the chemical injected into the gas to
cause it to smell.
Most gas odorants today consist of an assortment of
various chemicals which include
• tertiary butyl mercaptan
• tetrahydrothiophene
• isopropyl mercaptan
• dimethyl sulfide
• methyl ethyl sulfide.
Principle programs of odorization
The process of odorization done under the various
principle programs these are:
• Odorant Selection
• System Selection
• Components of the Injection System
• System Performance Audit Trail
• Odorant Level Detection
Odorant selection
• Selecting the specific odorant to be injected
involves knowledge of the chemical composition
of the gas
• The physical and chemical characteristics of
available odorants
• The physical layout of the pipeline system and
local storage tank
System selection
• As in any application of equipment, it is essential
to select the proper tool for the job. In the
odorization process this is an essential step.
• Generally, odorant systems introduce odorant
into the gas stream in two ways.
• Chemical absorption
• Chemical injection
Components of injection system
The components of the typical injection type
odorizer are:
• Injection Pump
• Injection Rate Controller
• System Monitoring & Verification
• Alarm System
• Performance Reporting & Audit Trail
Odorant level detection
• The final component in the odorization process
is the testing for odorant intensity throughout
the system.
• In this it is necessary to physically sample the
gas, and using someone with a normal sense of
smell, evaluate the sample for detectability.
Extraction Process Of Natural Gas
• Raw natural gas is commonly collected from different
wells and first we removed , free liquid water and
natural gas condensate.
• The condensate is usually then transported to an oil
refinery and the water is disposed of as wastewater.
• The raw gas is transferred to gas processing plant where
the initial purification is removal of acid gases such as
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
• There are many processes that are available for that
purpose but amine treating is the process that was
historically used.
Extraction Process Of Natural Gas
• If acid gases are present, then these gases are
removed by membrane or amine treating
• After removing acidic gases it well transfer to sulfur
recovery unit which converts the hydrogen sulfide in
the acid gas into either elemental sulfur or sulfuric
acid.
• Claus process is most well known process for
recovering elemental sulfur
• whereas the conventional Contact process and the
WSA (Wet sulfuric acid process) are the most used
technologies for recovering sulfuric acid.
Extraction Process Of Natural Gas
• The residual gas from the Claus process is
commonly called tail gas
• Tail gas is then processed in a tail gas treating
unit (TGTU) to recover and recycle residual
sulfur-containing compounds back into the
Claus unit.
• There are a number of processes available for
treating the Claus unit tail gas and for that
purpose a WSA process is also very suitable
since it can work auto thermally on tail gases.
Extraction Process Of Natural Gas
• The next step in the gas processing plant is to remove
water vapor from the gas by using triethylene
glycol (TEG), commonly called glycol dehydration,
• Mercury is removed by using adsorption processes.
nitrogen is also sometimes removed.
• Cryogenic process (Nitrogen Rejection Unit) using low
temperature distillation. This process can be modified to
also recover helium.
• Absorption process using lean oil or a special solvent as
the absorbent.
• Adsorption process, using activated carbon or molecular
sieves as the adsorbent.
Extraction Process Of Natural Gas
• Finally, nitrogen and natural gas liquids are
taken out by low temperature, cryogenic
distillation.
• This results in the "natural" gas that is used for
cooking and heating in homes.
Applications Of Natural Gas
• Fuel for industrial heating
and desiccation process
• Fuel for the operation of public and industrial
power stations
• Household fuel for cooking, heating and
providing hot water
• Fuel for environmentally friendly compressed or
liquid natural gas vehicles
• Raw material for chemical synthesis
Types of Natural Gas
There are many types of natural gases followings
are given
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
• Compressed natural gas (CNG)
• Natural gas liquid (NGL)
CNG
• Compressed natural gas (CNG) (methane stored at high pressure) is a fuel which can
be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and propane.

• Combustion of CNG produces fewer undesirable gases than the OTHER fuels.
• In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill,
because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released.

• CNG is made by compressing natural gas to less than 1 percent of the volume it occupies
at standard atmospheric pressure.

• It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 20–25 MPa (2,900–

3,600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shape
ADVANTAGES
• Natural gas is significantly less expensive than
gasoline.
• CNG is more eco-friendly than gasoline.
• Natural gas produces far fewer harmful
emissions and hydrocarbons than gasoline.
• Using CNG makes the engine cleaner and more
efficient.
DISADVANTAGES

• It has Low engine volumetric efficiency because of gaseous fuel

• It Needs Large storage tanks.
• It has Inconsistent fuel properties
• Its Refueling is a slow process
• It’s highly combustible
• It is Non-renewable energy source
• It emits some quantity of greenhouse gases
Liquefied petroleum gas

• LPG is a type of fuel consisting of hydrocarbon gases in

liquid form.
• LPG is an abbreviation for 'liquefied petroleum gas'.
• LPG is a group of flammable hydrocarbon gases that are
liquefied through pressurization and commonly used as
fuel.
• LPG comes from natural gas processing and petroleum
refining.
• Originally, LPG is an odourless gas, but in order to detect
leakages by the sense of smell, a tracing agent, usually
ethyl mercaptan or thiophene.
• LPG stores in LPG bullets.
Advantages
• It contains very less amount of carbon in it, hence LPG
powered vehicles produce almost 50% less CO2 than
petrol. However, Nitrogen compounds are comparable to
Patrol.
• It mixes with air at all temperatures.
• It has very high compression ratios.

Disadvantages
• It produces 10% less power, compared to patrol, on the
same engine.
• Its Ignition temperature is higher than that of petrol, it
leads to 5% less lifetime of valves.
• A special fuel feed system is required for it
Natural Gas liquid (NGL)
• Natural-gas condensate, also called natural
gas liquids.
• it is a mixture of low-
density hydrocarbon liquids that are present as
gaseous components in the raw natural
gas produced from many natural gas fields.
• Some gas species within the raw natural gas will
condense to a liquid state if the temperature is
reduced to below the hydrocarbon dew point
temperature at a set pressure.
• Natural gas liquid has a specific gravity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8
• It is composed of hydrocarbons such
as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, etc.
• Natural gas compounds with more carbon atoms (e.g. pentane, or
blends of butane, pentane and other hydrocarbons with additional
carbon atoms) exist as liquids at ambient
temperatures. Additionally, condensate may contain additional
impurities such as
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
• Thiols
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Straight-chain alkanes
• Cyclohexane and perhaps other naphthenes
• Aromatics
Natural gasoline
• Natural Gasoline – also known as natural-gas
condensate or C5
• Natural gasoline is a natural gas liquid with
a vapor pressure intermediate between natural gas
condensate (drip gas) and liquefied petroleum
gas and has a boiling point
• The typical gravity of natural gasoline is around
80 API. within the range of gasoline
• It is volatile and unstable, but can be blended with
other hydrocarbons to produce commercial gasoline.
Uses of natural gasoline
• Natural gasoline is often used as a denaturant
for fuel-grade ethanol
• t is commonly added volumetrically between
2.0% and 2.5% to make denatured fuel ethanol
(DFE), or E98.
• It is then transferred to a blender, which will
add this E98 to conventional gasoline to make
common 87 octane fuels (E10).