Reference: Stephen Eaves and James Eaves.

A cost comparison of fuel-

cell and battery electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 130(1-
2):208–212, 2004
 Economic characteristics for four vehicle technologies

Type of car Fuel Price Fuel Fuel price Driving Price of battery
(thousand US consumption (US dollars range changes (changes time
dollars) (MJ per 100 per 100 (km) price) during life cycle
km) km) of vehicle
Conventional Gasoline 15.3 236.8 2.94 540 1 x 0.1
Hybrid Gasoline 20.0 137.6 1.71 930 1 x 1.02
Electric Electricity 42.0 67.2 0.901 164 2 x 15.4
Fuel cell Hydrogen 100.0 129.5 1.69 355 1 x 0.1

Mikhail Granovskii, Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc A Rosen. Economic and environmental
comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Journal of Power Sources, 159(2):1186–1193, 2006.
Environmental impact associated with vehicle production
stages

Type of car Curb mass GHG emissions AP emissions (kg) GHG emissions AP emissions
(kg) (kg) per 100km of per 100 km of
vehicle travel vehicle travel
(kg per 100 (kg per 100
km) km)
Conventional 1134 3595.8 8.74 1.490 0.00362
Hybrid 1311 4156.7 10.10 1.722 0.00419
Electric 1588 4758.3 15.09 1.972 0.00625
Fuel cell 1678 9832.4 42.86 4.074 0.0178
• BEV – Tesla Models, the Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet
• FCV – Honda Clarity , Toyota Mirai
Fuel cell vehicles

Advantages Disadvantages
• Higher energy density • H2 is not energy source
• Longer range • H2 delivery infrastructure is
• No self discharge costly
• Low refueling time • Safety issues
Electric (battery based) vehicles

Advantage
• Electricity infrastructure is
already in place
• Energy efficient
Disadvantage
• Self discharge
• Overcharging and over-
discharging not possible
• Long charging time
• Low energy density