CONDUCTIO

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Presented By:
 Tariq Ishaq
 Sagar Hussain
 Muhammad Ali Naseem
 Junaid Khalid
WHAT IS CONDUCTION?
• It is the transfer of energy in the form of heat or
electricity.
• It occurs between two objects by direct contact.
• It occurs in solids, liquids, and gases.
TYPES OF CONDUCTION:
There are three types of conduction:
Electric Conduction
Heat Conduction
Photoconductivity
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION:
• It is the movement of electrically charged particles through a
transmission medium.
• The movement can form an electric current in response to an electric
field.
• For the explanation of Electrical Conduction we will consider band
theory.
BAND THEORY:
• In an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus in different orbits.
• The position occupied by an electron in an atom signifies a certain
energy level of that electron.
• Opposite charges in electron and nucleus creates force of attraction
between them.
• When atoms are brought together, the electrons of one atom experience
forces of other atoms. Energy bands are formed, i.e. Valence band and
Conduction Band.


• Valance Band: The outermost orbital of an atom, where electrons are

so tightly bounded that, they can not be removed as free electron.
• Conduction Band: This is the highest energy level or orbital in outer
most shell, in which electrons are free enough to move.
• Band Gap: There is one energy gap separates these two bands, - the
valance band and conduction band. This gap is called forbidden energy
gap.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
METAL
• Due to tightly packed atoms electrons of one atom experiences significant
force of other closed atoms.
• Valance band and conduction band in metals come very closer to each other
and they may even overlap.
• Due to external heat or electrical energy source, the electrons jumps to
higher levels in the metal i.e. Free Electrons (Carries Current)


• When external electric source is connected to a piece of metal,

these free electrons starts flowing towards higher potential
terminal of the source, causing current to flow in the metal.
• In metal density of free electrons in conduction band is much
higher than other materials, hence metal is referred as very good
electrical conductor
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
SEMICONDUCTOR
• Valance band and conduction band are separated by a forbidden
gap of sufficient width.
• At low temperature, no electron possesses sufficient energy to occupy
the conduction band and thus no movement of charge is possible.
• But at room temperature it is possible for some electrons to give
sufficient energy and make the transitions in conduction band.
• The density of electrons in conduction band at room temperature is not
as high as in metals, thus can not conduct electrical current as
good as metal.
THERMAL CONDUCTION
• Thermal conduction, transfer of energy (heat) arising from 
temperature differences between adjacent parts of a body.
• It occurs within a body or between two bodies in contact without the
involvement of mass flow and mixing.
• It is dependent upon the nature and dimensions of the heat transfer
medium.
FOURIER’S LAW OF THERMAL
CONDUCTION
• This law states that the time rate of heat transfer through a material
is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to
the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the heat flows.
Its differential form is:
Q&A
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