PRESENTATION

BY
GROUP 4
Members
Yunus . Hukkeri
Shridhar . Naik
Tabrezahmed . Jamadar
Zaheerrudin.S
Manoj. Joshi
 NONREPONSE ERROR
Error caused by a difference between those who responded
To a survey and those don’t is termed as non response error .

Non response can involve an entire Questionnaire (refusal to

answer any question) or particular or question in

questionnaire (refusal to answer a subset of questions).
 Response rate
Response rate is defined as “the number of completed

interviews with responding units divided by the number of

eligible responding units in the sample”.
In general the lower the response rate to a survey ,the higher

the probability of nonresponse error. however, a low

response error. Nonresponse error is a problem only when a
difference between the responds and the nonrespondents
leads the researcher to an incorrect conclusion or decision.
Reducing nonresponse
Attempts to increase the response rate to focus on
increasing the potential respondents motivation to
reply. Two complementary approaches are frequently
used.

The first is to increase the motivation as much as

possible in the initial contacts with respondents.
The second approach is to remind the respondents
through repeated mailing or other contacts.
Strategies for dealing with
nonresponse
Subjective Estimates
When it is no longer practical to increase the response

rate ,the researcher can estimate subjectively the

nature and effect of the non respondents. That is, the
research , based on experience and the nature of the
survey , makes a subject evaluation effect of the
nonresponse
Imputation Estimates
Imputation estimates involves imputing attributes to

the nonrespondents based on the characteristics of the

respondents .
These techniques can be used for missing
respondents or for item nonresponse
Trend Analysis
Trend analysis is similar to the imputation technique,

except that the attributes of the nonrespondents are

assumed to be similar to be projection of the trends
show between early and late respondents .
Measurements using Subsamples
Subsamples of nonrespondents particularly when a mail survey

was the original methodology, has been found effective in reducing

nonresponse error. Concentrated attention on a subsample of
nonrespondents ,generally using telephone or personal interviews,
can often yield a high response rate within that subsamples can be
projected to the entire group of nonrespondents and the overall
surveys results adjusted to take into accounts the nonrespondents.
The primary drawbacks to this technique is the cost involved.
Issues in multinational surveys
The issues in multinational surveys mirror those in

domestic surveys- which survey method is best and how do

we minimize potential nonresponse error.
The issue is complicated because

1. The best methods in one country may be inappropriate in

another

2. Different survey methods may produce differing results ,

making cross-country comparisons difficult
Telephone
The ability to conduct telephone surveys in a given

country depends on the sample having telephones and

on their willingness to be interviewed on the phone
Mail
Mail survey required a high literacy rate among the
sample , a well-developed postal system, and a list of
address . Mail surveys are widely used in the EC
countries , the U.S.,Canada and Japan . They offen are
not good method in other countries even if the literary
rate is high
Computer
computer interview required a sample that is at least
familiar with computer type terminals . Thus, they are
restricted to advanced economics and select segments
of other countries. Multinational computer interviews
are complicated by a variety of factors
 Multiple surveys techniques in
multinationals surveys
As the above discussion indicates, it is sometimes
desirable to use difficult survey methods in a
multinational survey. When this is the case, it is case, it
is desirable to test for method difference if the results
are to be used for cross-country comparisons
Queries
Thank you