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2003SP MicrowaveOptics
2003SP MicrowaveOptics
2003SP MicrowaveOptics
Santosh Shah
History of Microwave Optics
• WW2 in England Sir John Randall and Dr.
H. A. Boot developed magnetron
– Produced microwaves
– Used in radar detection
• Percy Spencer tested the magnetron at
Raytheon
– Noticed that it melted his candy bar
– Also tested with popcorn
– Designed metal box to contain
microwaves
– Radar Range
– First home model - $1295
How to Make Microwaves
• Magnetron
• Oldest, still used in microwave ovens
• Accelerates charges in a magnetic field
Klystron
•Smaller and lighter than Magnetron
•Creates oscillations by bunching
electrons
Gunn Diode
•Solid State Microwave Emitter
•Drives a cavity using negative resistance
Equipment Used
receiver
transmitter
Intensity vs. Distance
Shows that the intensity is related to the inverse square of the
distance between the transmitter and the receiver
Distance v. Intensity
20
2
18 R = 0.9887
16
Distance (9 inch tiles)
14
12
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1/sqrt(Intensity)
Reflection
qI qR
• Angle of incidence
equals angle of
reflection
Angle of Incidence v. Angle of Reflection
350
Angle of Reflection (degrees)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
280 290 300 310 320 330 340
0.5
0.4
Intensity (mA) at 30x
0.3
0.2 Series1
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400
-0.1
Angle of receiver (deg.)
d sin q n
This equation assumes that we are near the
Fraunhofer (far-field) limit
Single Slit Diffraction – 7cm
q1 24.4 o Single Slit Diffraction - 7 cm
18
q 2 55.66 o 16
14
12
Not in the
Intensity
10
Fraunhofer limit,
8
so actual minima
6
are a few degrees
4
off from expected
2
minima
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle (degrees)
Single Slit Diffraction – 13cm
q1 12.8o Single Slit Diffraction - 13 cm
6
q 2 26.4 o
5
4
Intensity
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle (degrees)
Double Slit Diffraction
• Diffraction pattern due to the interference of waves from
a double slit
• Intensity decreases with distance y
• Minima occur at d sinθ = mλ
• Maxima occur at d sinθ = (m + .5) λ
Double Slit Diffraction
Mirror
Extension
5
Intensity (V)
4
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Angle of Reciever (deg.)
Lloyd’s Mirror
• Interferometer – One
portion of wave travels in
one path, the other in a
different path
n
d h d1
1
2 2
Trial 1 Trial 2
• D1= 50 cm • D1= 45 cm
• H1=7.5 cm • H1=6.5 cm
• H2= 13.6 cm • H2= 12.3 cm
= 2.52 cm = 2.36 cm
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
• Incident light on a pair of partial reflectors
• Electromagnetic waves in phase if:
2d cos m
•In Pasco experiment, alpha(incident angle) was 0.
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
• d1 = distance between reflectors for max reading
– d1 = 31cm
• d2 = distance between reflectors after 10 minima traversed
– d2 = 45.5cm
• lambda = 2*(d2 – d1)/10 = 2.9cm
2 Lm L f n
Michelson Interferometer
• Split a single wave into two parts
reflectors
• Brought back together to create
interference pattern
• A,B – reflectors S
• C – partial reflector
• Path 1: through C – reflects off A
back to C – Receiver
M
• Path 2: Reflects off C to B –
through C – Receiver
• Same basic idea as Fabry-Perot
– X1 = A pos for max reading = 46.5cm
– X2 = A pos after moving away from
PR 10 minima = 32.5cm
– Same equation for lambda is used
– Lambda = 2.8cm
Brewster’s Angle
• Angle at which wave incident upon dielectric
medium is completely transmitted
• Two Cases
– Transverse Electric
– Transverse Magnetic
Equipment
Setup
TE Case
S polarization
• Electric Field
transverse to boundary
• Using Maxwell’s
Equations (1 = 2 =1)
Er sin(q q )
Ei sin(q q )
NO BREWSTER’S ANGLE
TM Case
• Electric Field Parallel to P polarization
Boundary
• Using Maxwell’s
Equations (1 = 2 =1)
Er tan(q q )
Et tan(q q )
4
Intensity
Horizontal
3
Vertical
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Angle (degrees)
Bragg Diffraction
• Study of Interference patterns
of microwave transmissions in
a crystal
• Two Experiments
– Pasco ( d = 0.4 cm, λ = 2.85 cm)
– Unilab (d = 4 cm, λ = 2.85 cm).
2d sin q n
Bragg Diffraction (Pasco)
Bragg Diffraction [100] Symmetry
3.5
3
2.5
Intensity (V)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40
Grazing Angle (deg.)
Bragg Diffraction(Unilab)
• Maxima q1 20.0
Maxima 1 q 21 .2
70
Meter Reading (mV)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle(Degrees)
Frustrated Total Internal Reflection
25
20
Intensity
15
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3