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Single Surface Double Surface: Sign Convention
Single Surface Double Surface: Sign Convention
Surface
Double
Surface
Sign
Convention
Multiple Lens
Lens
Aberration
Telescope
Angular
Magnification
Observer 1
Observer 2
Observer 1 see only object at the point O where as observer 2 see only object at the point I
No one can see object at point O and I at the same time according to the light ray come to individual
Observer. Observer 1 can’t see object at point I because light ray from point I can’t reach observer 1.
The man see fish under the water
because light from fish come
Single to his eyes. Hence 𝑛1 is water
Surface and 𝑛2 is air
Object
Image
ลึกจริงลึกปรากฏ
𝑛1 𝑛1 1 1 𝑓>0
+ = (𝑛2 −𝑛1 ) −
𝑝1 𝑞2 𝑅1 𝑅2
You will find that
1 (𝑛2 −𝑛1 ) 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑛1 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1
+ =
𝑝 𝑞 𝑓
It mean that we can threat a complex optical Please consider each picture why 𝑓 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 < 0 and it is not depend on
system with only just 𝑓 parameter to find the The direction of the light (light incident to front or back lens)
last image from the optical system.
Like previous, we will treat that image of the Multiple
optical system 1 (lens 1) will be image of the
optical system 2 (lens 2), but the distance
Lens
Between lens can’t approximate to zero.
Hence
𝑝2 = −𝑞1 + 𝑡
If there is lens with focus length 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … . 𝑓𝑛 in the lens system, each one has magnification 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , … 𝑀𝑛
respectively
1. Please prove that the magnification of the lens system is 𝑀 = 𝑀1 𝑀2 … 𝑀𝑛 .
1 1 1 1
2. Please prove that the focal length of the lens system is = + + ⋯ + .
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓𝑛
Telescope m= 𝜃
𝜃
𝑜
Light from the star is a parallel ray hence the image of star is
formed at focus of objective lens. If you move your eyes to the
image, larger image you would see. However your eyes is so
tire when see very near image or object, so an eyepiece lens is
used to make your eyes more compatible to see the image by
making the ray of the image become a parallel ray like you are
seeing very far object.
สำหร ับตำแหน่ งภำพสุดท ้ำย 𝐼2
+ = ถ ้ำ 𝑝 = 𝑓 ดังนั้น 𝑞 ≈ ∞ แต่กำลังขยำยจะขึนอยู
้
1 1 1
่กบั
𝑝 𝑞 𝑓
่ นวัตถุ
มุมทีเห็
Because incident angle from star is so little, then 𝜃 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
ℎ′ ℎ′
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃0 = and tan𝜃 =
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
𝜃 𝑓𝑒
Then m= =
𝜃0 𝑓0