• Metals consist of atoms bonded together

in large, regular aggregations. The elastic

behavior of metallic materials under limited
loadings can be explained in terms of
interatomic bonding.
DEFORMATION OF METALS

• The deformation of
materials under
applied load is
elastic if the
change in shape is
entirely recovered
when the material
is returned to its
original stress
state.
Dislocation
• Dislocation refers to the imperfections in the
crystalline lattice at the atomic scale.

Types of Dislocation
• Pure edge dislocation – is the discontinuity at
the end of an extra half plane of atoms inserted
in the crystal lattice.

• Screw dislocation – is associated with the

shear deformations in crystalline structures.
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• Plastic deformation in metals is characterized by a
phenomenon known as strain hardening.

• When metals are deformed beyond the elastic limit,

a permanent change in shape occurs.

• If a metal is loaded beyond its yield point,

unloaded, then loaded again, the elastic limit is
raised.
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• A metal can be
strengthened by
deformation previous
to its loading in an
engineering
application. Its
ductility, however, is
decreased.
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• COLD WORKING – is when plastic
deformation that is carried out in a
temperature range and over a time
interval such that the strain hardening
is not relieved. It is employed to
harden and strengthen metals and
alloys that do not respond to heat
treatment.
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• SOLID-SOLUTION HARDENING – is the
strengthening produced by dispersed, atomic-
size lattice defects in a metal. Whenever a
dislocation encounters irregularity within a
crystal lattice, hardening occurs.

• Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and

boron commonly form such interstitial solid
solutions
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• PRECIPITATION
HARDENING
Dispersion hardening
is the strengthening
produced by a finely
dispersed insoluble second
phase in a matrix of metal
atoms. This can be
achieved by supercooling.
MECHANISM FOR
STRENGHTENING METALS
• GRAIN SIZE
The more numerous the grain boundaries,
the higher the strength of metal.
Decreasing the average size of grains in a
polycrstalline metal increases the strength by
increasing the number of grain-boundary
obstacles to dislocation movement. Grain size
can be controlled by the heating and rolling
operations in the production of structural metals.