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DR - Nuraiza Meutia, M.Biomed: Dept - Fisiologi FK USU Prof. Yasmeiny Yazir
DR - Nuraiza Meutia, M.Biomed: Dept - Fisiologi FK USU Prof. Yasmeiny Yazir
Fisiologi FK USU
Prof. Yasmeiny Yazir
dr.Nuraiza Meutia,M.Biomed
1
The three types of
muscle tissue are
skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth
2
Table 12-3: Comparison of Three Muscle Types3
Characteristics by :
Speed of contraction – determined by speed
in which ATPases split ATP
slow and fast fibers
ATP-forming pathways
◦ Oxidative fibers – use aerobic pathways
◦ Glycolytic fibers – use anaerobic glycolysis
4
Slow oxidative fibers contract slowly, have slow
acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue
resistant
Fast oxidative fibers contract quickly, have fast
myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance
to fatigue
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6
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8
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Structur of membrane
surounding the musle
fibrils, consist of :
T tubules : are
continuous with the
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
: functions in the
regulation of
intracellular calcium
movement
10
Electrical characteristics of skeletal muscle :
◦ Resting membrane potential : - 90 mV
◦ Duration of Action Potential : 2-4 ms
◦ Speed of conduction : ± 5 m/s
◦ Absolut refractory period : 1-3 ms
Ionic fluxes :
◦ Na+ influx → depolarization
◦ K+ efflux → repolarization
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Contractile responses
Stimulation
Depolarization at Action
motor end-plate potential
muscle fiber
contractile
response
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◦ ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to
ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
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1. Acetylcholin initiates A.P in muscle cell →
propagated to entire surface of muscle cell
membrane.
2. The surface electric activity caried into the muscle
fiber by the T tubules.
3. A.P in the T tubules trigers Ca2+ release from
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
4. Ca2+ bind to troponin (on actin filament) → leads to
tropomyosin moved aside → uncover actin’s
cross-bridge binding sites.
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Myosin head
(high-energy
configuration)
4 As ATP is split into ADP and Pi, 2 Working stroke—the myosin head pivots and
cocking of the myosin head occurs bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it
toward the M line
Myosin head
(low-energy
configuration)
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7. Pi & ADP is released from the cross-bridge after
the power stroke is complete.
8. New ATP attach → permits separation of the cross-
bridge → return to its original conformation
9. Splitting of ATP by myosin ATPase energizes the cross-
bridge once again.
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Figure 12-19: Isotonic and isometric contractions
In isotonic contractions, the muscle changes
in length (decreasing the angle of the joint)
and moves the load
The two types of isotonic contractions are
concentric and eccentric
◦ Concentric contractions – the muscle shortens and
does work
◦ Eccentric contractions – the muscle contracts as it
lengthens
Concentric.
Static.
Eccentric.
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A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the
muscle fibers it supplies
The number of muscle fibers per motor unit
can vary from four to several hundred
Muscles that control fine movements (fingers,
eyes) have small motor units
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"All or none"
Fine touch
◦ 1:1 nerve to fiber
◦ Finger tips
Big muscles
◦ 1: 2000
◦ Leg muscles
41
Threshold stimulus – the stimulus strength at
which the first observable muscle contraction
occurs
Beyond threshold, muscle contracts more
vigorously as stimulus strength is increased
42
Figure 9.15 (a, b)
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1
Summation of contraction ;
repeated stimulation (before relaxation has
occurred) → additional activation of the
contractile elements → greater tension
developed.
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Tetanic contraction ;
rapidly repeated stimulation, no relaxation
has occurred → continuous contraction.
◦ Complete tetanus
◦ Incomplete tetanus
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2
Maximum tension produce if length of the
fiber at the onset of contraction is normal
(resting length)
If the muscle is stretched (longer) or shorter,
the active tension & total tension will
reduced.
The velocity of muscle contraction is maximal
at the resting length, & declines if the muscle
get shorter or longer.
(see fig. 3.11 in Ganong)
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3
Muscle fatigue – the muscle is in a state of
physiological inability to contract
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4
The force of contraction is affected by:
◦ The number of muscle fibers contracting – the
more motor fibers in a muscle, the stronger the
contraction
◦ The relative size of the muscle – the bulkier the
muscle, the greater its strength
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Thermodynamically, the energy supplied to a
muscle must equal its energy output.
Only 40% of the energy released in muscle
activity is useful as work
The remaining 60% is given off as heat
50
Resting heat : the heat given off at rest, is
the external manifestation of basal
metabolic processes.
Initial heat : the heat produced in excess of
resting heat during contraction,
this is made up of
◦ activation heat : the heat that muscle produces
whenever it is contracting, and
◦ shortening heat : which is proportionate in
amount to the distance the muscle shortens.
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Following contraction, heat production in
excess of resting heat continues for as long as
30 minutes.
Recovery heat : the heat liberated by the
metabolic processes that restore the muscle to
its precontraction state.
52
With age, connective tissue increases and
muscle fibers decrease
Muscles become stringier and more sinewy
By age 80, 50% of muscle mass is lost
(sarcopenia)
Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia
Aging of the cardiovascular system affects
every organ in the body
Atherosclerosis may block distal arteries,
leading to intermittent claudication and
causing severe pain in leg muscles
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