MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC

ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING

GRADUATE RESEARCH PROPOSAL COLLOQUIUM 2018

PRESENTATION BY:

NIÑO B. FELICES
THE FIBROUS STRUCTURE OF PLANTS

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

PRODUCTION OF MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE (MFC) VIA PULP HOMOGENIZATION

Turbak et al. (1983) demonstrated that MFC can be

produced from wood pulp via high-pressure
homogenization.

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE

5 % MFC slurry SEM Micrograph of MFC

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

WHY MFC ?

 High mechanical strength

 High aspect ratio
 High surface area
 pH tolerant
 Stable over a wide temperature range

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

WHY NOT MFC ?

 High consumption energy associated

with production

 Hydrophilic nature of cellulose makes

it incompatible for direct processing
with hydrophobic media

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

SILANE COUPLING AGENTS

General chemical structure of

silane coupling agents
Surface modification by
silane coupling agents

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)

Chemical structure of PLA PLA 3D printer filaments

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING (FDM)

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

 To synthesize silane-treated MFC

 To produce MFC-PLA composite filaments as feed to FDM 3D printer

 To characterize the mechanical, viscoelastic, and thermal properties

of MFC-PLA composite filaments and 3D-printed MFC-PLA composites

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

 Unbleached abaca pulp 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS)

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

PREPARATION OF SILANE TREATED MFC

Pre-swelling of 5 % w/w Ten cycles of Addition of methanol to

abaca pulp in 500-mL 1 homogenization at produce 9:1 v/v ratio of
M NaOH solution 10,000 rpm for 4 min methanol : water.

Addition of 30 g of
Air drying for 2 d, Vacuum filtration with
APTMS to the slurry and
followed by vacuum washing by deionized
stirring for 30 min at 500
drying at 120 0C for 2 h water till pH = 7
rpm

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

PREPARATION OF 3D PRINTER FILAMENTS AND 3D PRINTING
Add fiber that would Disperse MFC in acetone
Evaporate acetone and
make 1, 1.5, and 2.0 % via stirring. Add PLA
water under vacuum at
MFC composite to 270 gradually in the mixture.
80 0C.
mL acetone. Stir for 5 h.

Feed shredded
Thermal compression at
composite sheets to
3D printing of composite 160 0C, 0.5 MPa. Cut
filament extruder to
filaments sheets using a sheet
produce 1.75 mm
shredder.
diameter filaments.

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

CHARACTERIZATION

Scanning Electron Microscopy

- to characterize degree of fibrillation

of abaca pulp

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

CHARACTERIZATION

Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(ATR – FTIR)

- to determine whether MFC has been

surface modified by APTMS

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

CHARACTERIZATION

Three point bending test

- to determine flexural properties (strength,

strain, and modulus) of PLA and MFC-PLA
composites

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

CHARACTERIZATION

Charpy V-notch impact test

- to determine impact toughness of PLA

and MFC-PLA composites

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

CHARACTERIZATION

Dynamic mechanical analysis

- to determine viscoelastic properties

(glass, transition temperature, storage
modulus and phase angle) of PLA and
MFC-PLA composites

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

 2018 2019

Research Activity Jan - Mar Apr - Jun Jul - Aug Sep - Oct Nov - Dec Jan - Mar Apr - Jun

Procurement of equipment and chemicals

Preparation of silane-treated MFC

Preparation of 3D printer filaments

Characterization of composites

Conferences

Manuscript Writing

Defense

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES

[1] Andresen, M., Johansson, L., Tanem, B., & Stenius, P. (2006). Properties and characterization of
hydrophobized microfibrillated cellulose. Cellulose , 13, 665-677.
[2] Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2011). Cellulose fibres, nanofibrils, and microfibrils: The morphological sequence of
MFC components from a plant physiology and fibre technology point of view. Nanoscale Research Letters .
[3] Gabrielsson, O. (2013). Manufacturing of PLA-based composites reinforced with cellulose fibers and fibrils.
Goteborg: Chalmers University of Technology.
[4] Grimm, T. (2002). Fused Deposition Modeling. T.A. Grimm & Associates, Inc.
[5] Iwatake, A., Nogi, M., & Yano, H. (2008). Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polylactic acid. Composites Science
and Technology , 2103-2106.
[6] Lu, Y., Cueva, M., Lara-Curzio, E., & Ozcan, S. (2015). Improved mechanical properties of polylactide
nanocomposites-reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils through interfacial engineering via amine functionalization.
Carbohydrate Polymers , 208-217.
[7] Nakagaito, A., Fujimura, A., Sakai, T., Hama, Y., & Yano, H. (2009). Production of microfibrillated cellulose
(MFC)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites from sheets obtained by papermaking-like process.
Composites Science and Technology , 69, 1293-1297.
[8] Suryanegara, L., Nakagaito, A., & Yano, H. (2010). Thermo-mechanical properties of microfibrillated cellulose-
reinforced partially crystallized PLA composites. Thermal and mechanical properties , 17, 771-778.
[9] Turbak, A., Snyder, F., & Sandberg, K. (1983). Patent No. 4,487,634. United States of America.

MICROFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE – POLYLACTIC ACID COMPOSITES FOR 3D PRINTING NIÑO B. FELICES