VoLTE Solutions Workshop V1.2

Huawei VoLTE Solutions
Wednesday, 28August, 2014
Kyle Tang / kyle.tang@huawei.com

Zhang Jianhui / dennis.zhangjianhui@huawei.com
Wilson Zheng / Wilson.Zheng@huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Content
 VoLTE Updates & Trends

 VoLTE Introduction
 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 VoLTE Performance
 VoLTE Mobility Strategy
 Case Study
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 2

Voice revenue still important
Voice is still the biggest revenue source ARPU still increase after VoLTE launched
until 2018 in South Korean market
$700,000 Mobile data& voice revenue forecast(M$)
$600,000
$500,000
$400,000
$300,000
$200,000
Source from : LG
$100,000 Uplus_Investor_Presentati
on_February_v12
VoLTE launched
$0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: Mobile Voice and
voice none voice Data Forecast- 2013-18,
OVUM

VoLTE contributes to LTE success
VoLTE accelerates LTE network development VoLTE provides a good platform for competing
with OTT
60%
IMS
50%
6 months after
40% VoLTE launched
30% VoLTE
launched 52%
19% 47%
20% 42%
10% 36%
30%
10% 19%
11%
0% 1%
5%
4Q11 1Q12 2Q12 3Q12 4Q12 1Q13 2Q13 3Q13 4Q13
Source from : LG
LTE user penetration in korea File Video
Uplus_Investor_Presentati
Contact IM Voice
on_February_v12 CameraLocatio
transfer share chart
LTE user growth rate almost doubled after VoLTE n
20 operators launch in 14 countries; 87
launch in South Korean market operators commitment across 35+ countries

VoLTE deployment is speeding up
VoLTE status of deployment

Operators
29 * Source : from GSA June
8 operators have launched in global

61 operators are investing in VoLTE
10
studies, trials or deployments 7 6
8
USA,JAPAN,KOREA is the mainly 1
country
Planned Trialling Trialled indeployment Soft-launched launched
288
User
VoLTE User forecast
More than14.4M 3.8M Subs
Subs enjoying VoLTE 118
48
20M Subs will enjoy VoLTE in 2014 6.6M Subs 8 20
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

* Source : VoLTE forecasted
4.0 M Subs VoLTE Subs infonetics

VoLTE ecosystem becoming more mature
Terminal & ChipSet Band Capable of SRVCC
50
39 38
40
30
• Qualcomm 8974 20 13 12
• Hisilicon 910 10 6
• Intel XMM7160 0
1800 2100 850 2600 AWS Huawei P7 XPhone 6 Sumsung S5
SRVCC, SPS,DRX,TTIBundling supported 1800,850 band is current main stream 8 smartphones support SRVCC to UTRAN
TDD, 11 100%
10
75% 75%
LGU
29
SKT
KT 50%
27 other
8
* Source : from
FDD, 62 GSA
ROHC TTIB SPS
Supports more FDD than TDD Mostly in Korea market without SRVCC >50% SRVCC Smartphone support VoLTE
enhancement feature
VoLTE terminal on the market
SRVCC UTR SRVCC
No Terminal Model ChipSet Operator VoLTE RoHC TTIB SPS
AN GERAN
SamsungGalaxy 5(Korean
1 QC 8974 LGU+ Y Y N Y Y Y
version )
SamsungGalaxy Europe （VDF
2 QC 8974 Y Y N Y Y Y
5(European version ) D2、EE ）
SamsungGalaxy 4LTE-A（
3 QC 8974 LGU+ Y Y N Y N N
Korean version ）
SamsungGalaxy 4（Korean
4 QC 8974 LGU+ Y Y N Y N N
version ）
5 Samsung Note III QC 8974 HK-PCCW Y Y N Y Y Y
6 LG Optimus Vu2 F200L QC 8960 LGU+ Y N N N N N
7 LG Optimus G2 F320L QC 8974 LGU+ Y N N N N N
Global
8 Xphone 6 QC 9635 （SBM/Canad Y Y Y Y Y Y
a /H3G）
Hislicon
9 Huawei P7 Europe （DT） Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kirin910
10 Sharp QC8974 Japan SBM Y Y N Y Y Y

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study

VoLTE Architecture
VoLTE E2E framework Basic function in eNodeB
省网管/计费中心
O SS/BSS La ye r
CCF SPG OMU BOSS RRC Admission and congestion control
DM Server
MMTel AS/SCC AS/IP-SM-GW RCS AS

Se rvic e La ye r SCP PDCP ROHC
SingleSDB HLR/SAE-HSS FE
MGCF/IM-SSF/SRVCC
IWF/CSFB IWF/Anchor AS
Legacy 2G/3G RLC Segmentation
I/S-CSCF/BGCF/E-CSCF/MRFC CCTF Network/PSTN
IMS-HSS FE
C o re La ye r Dynamic scheduling/Semi-persistent/Dynamic
BE ENS FE MRFP
IM-MGW IGW
MSC Server MGW MAC delay based scheduling/non-GBR
PCRF FE
PHY TTI Bundling/ UL COMP

A-SBC/P-CSCF/ATCF/ATGW
A c c e ss La ye r eMSC MGW
MME
S/P-GW
EPC ICS 2G/3G Network
Te rm in a lLa ye r
LTE capacity coverage mobility
2G/3G
CPE
Data card Handset

Handset
POTS
 VoLTE deployment is a systematic Engineering, Including  The main consideration in terms of the access layer is
BSS, service layer, Core network and the Access layer and coverage, capacity and mobility
Terminals.  Compatibility of terminal should need massive IOT and
 The workload of the deployment in core layer -IMS is far industry maturity
greater than access layer
VoLTE procedure in eNodeB
The procedure is as follows:
① The calling UE sets up an RRC connection.
② The calling UE sets up an E-RAB for IMS signaling.
③ The called UE is instructed to set up an RRC connection
and an E-RAB for IMS signaling.
④ The UEs negotiate session information through IMS
signaling.
⑤ After the negotiation, the calling UE and the called UE
set up E-RABs for conversational voice.
⑥ At this time, the entire EPS bearer from the calling UE to
the called UE is set up.
⑦ The called UE sends a ring back tone to the calling UE
through IMS signaling.
⑧ The called UE answers the call and the VoIP
conversation begins.
⑨ The scheduler in each eNodeB chooses dynamic
scheduling or semi-persistent scheduling
⑩ based on the scheduling policy, and then performs VoIP
scheduling.

VoLTE QoS management ① The IMS (P-CSCF) sends QCI information to the PCRF
over the Rx interface.
② Based on the received QCI information and
subscription information, the PCRF generates a QoS
rule (including key QoS parameters, QCI, ARP, GBR,
1 and MBR) and sends the rule to the P-GW over the Gx
interface.
③ Based on the QoS rule sent from the PCRF, the P-GW
instructs the S-GW, MME, and eNodeB to set up EPS
2 bearers. Services of different QoS requirements are
carried by radio bearers with different QCIs. According
to 3GPP specifications, the QCIs for conversational
voice and IMS signaling are 1 and 5, respectively. QCIs
3 are set in StandardQci, and the Radio Link Control
(RLC) modes for setting up conversational voice and
IMS signaling E-RABs are specified by the
RlcPdcpParaGroup.RlcMode parameter.
QCI requirement& MBR setting :
Resource
QCI Priority delay Packet loss Typical service
Type
1 GBR 2 100ms 10-2 VoIP
Telephone conference,
2 GBR 4 150ms 10-3
video call(live streaming)
5 Non-GBR 1 100ms 10-6 IMS signaling
•VoLTE AMR-WB 12.65kbps+IPV4：MBR=GBR=31kbps
•VoLTE AMR-WB 23.85kbps+IPV4：MBR=GBR=44kbps

VoLTE Basic QoS- transmission delay requirement
VoLTE is a delay sensitive service The delay of S1-U interface should less than
50ms
Determination of the effects of absolute delay by the E-model The data flow of VoLTE
(ITU-T G.114)
SBC
<275ms <135ms SGi INF.
MME S/PGW MME S/PGW

<50ms
S1-U INF. ~85ms S1-U INF.
~50ms
eNodeB eNodeB
UE- UE-
VoLTE VoLTE
<275ms

Two level LTE admission control
UE eNodeB MME User admission process
Level1:user admission
Random Access
User initiates access
target: keep system stable
RRC Connection
Request Y If CPU resource
RRC Connection Setup limited
N
RRC Connection Setup Y
Complete If pucch resource limited
N
Initial UE Message
Y If the user number limited
Initial UE
Context N
RRC Connection Setup
UE admission failed UE access succeed
Reconfiguration Request
RRC Connection UE enter the preemption

Reconfiguration process
Complete
RRC establishment phase to execute the user admission

Two level LTE admission control (continued.)
UE eNodeB MME Service admission process
Random Access User initiates service
RRC Connection Request N Is PUCCH resource

available ？
RRC Connection Setup Y
Is NonGBR or emergency Y
RRC Connection Setup
Complete N
N Is Ue support this GBR?
Initial UE Message
Y
Initial UE Context N
Is cell
Level2:service Setup Request overloading?
RRC Connection
admission N
Reconfiguration
Target : guarantee Do admission process
the QoS of GBR RRC Connection Fail based on satisfaction
Success
Reconfiguration Complete rate
Service
Service
admission failed
admission
succeed
enter the service
preemption process
ERAB establishment phase to use service admission.

The service admission in downlink and uplink is independent
Voice congestion handling & preemption
Congestion trigger
 Uplink cell congestion: any one of the following two conditions met, Voice preemption
congestion will be triggered
VoLTE preemption only depends upon ARP priority of the user or
 Any GBR-QCI satisfaction rate is below the threshold service ,except emergency call
 uplink PRB high utilization above the threshold or waiting time of
QCI1 uplink scheduling > 100ms A service can preempt other services only if its ARP information
element (IE) "pre-emption capability" is set to "may trigger pre-
 Downlink congestion: Any downlink GBR-QCI satisfaction rate is lower
emption".
than the congestion threshold
Only GBR service can be preempted
Congestion handle
Currently there is no way to distinguish voice user in RRC connect
phase
 The low priority (ARP) GBR services(such as QCI2~QCI4, e.g. video
call ) will be preempted
Voice satisfaction rate definition

Emergency call solutions in VoLTE network
Network & terminal

Solutions Solution overview Comments
requirement
UE recognizes emergency UE support CSFB

Terminal choose number and perform a emergency &recognize emergency
Solution 1：
call in CS domain number list
emergency
call based
If UE can not recognize the
on CSFB Network
emergency number ,the network
indicates a UE support CSFB
will recognize and indicate a
redirect to CS
redirect to CS
Use special dedicated bearer

Solution 2：emergency call Up to now , no
Terminal requires IMS
(higher ARP) to make emergency terminal support this
based on IMS emergency call support
function
call in IMS

DRX - Basic concepts
DRX technology enables a UE to turn on its receiver and enter the active state only when the UE needs to receive
downlink (DL) data or signaling. The UE turns off its receiver and enters the sleep state in other situations to reduce
power consumption.
On Duration On Duration
UE shall monitor
PDCCH Active Time
Sleep Time
Ue does not monitor PDCCH
DRX cycle
 DRX status：
• Active Time： In active time, the UE turns on its receiver and monitors the PDCCH
• Sleep Time： In sleep time, the UE turns off its receiver and does not monitor the PDCCH
 DRX Cycle： A DRX cycle specifies the periodic repetition of the On Duration followed by a possible period of inactivity ，
A DRX cycle may be a long or short cycle; VoLTE does not support short cycle.
 DRX timer：OnDurationTimer、DRXInactivityTimer、HARQRTTTimer、DRXRetransmissionTimer、ShortDRXCycleTimer；

DRX test result & recommendation
Voice quality comparison in different DRX recommendation

DRX cycle
DRX Settings for QCI5
400 mA MOS 4.5  QCI5 is IMS Signalling and is the default bearer for all
373
-2%
350
366 services. In most cases QCI5 is set up together with a
-28% 4 non-GBR QCI (6, 8 or 9).
300
 Therefore QCI5 needs the same DRX Parameter with
264
250 3.5 QCI9/8，but if Cycle of QCI5 too longer , the setup delay
200 of QCI will be too longer ,so Long DRX cycle of QCI5 is
150 3.96 3 advised to be smaller than 320ms.
3.81 3.87
100
2.5
50
DRX settings for QCI1
0 2
 QCI1 is the radio bearer which serves the voice
DRX Cycle off DRX Cycle 20ms DRX Cycle 40ms service.
Mos electric current Test result from
 A much shorter DRX cycle time is needed for VoIP
Huawei Lab service then for non real time traffic.
The impact of voice quality is negligible from  The recommended parameter DRX Cycle generally is
activating DRX for VoLTE 40ms
 Noticeable power saving from DRX 40ms
setting, compared to 20ms setting

VoLTE SRVCC architecture & flow
EMSC
Um/Uu Iu-cs/A
BS SGSN Sv
Iu/Gb MME HSS
Gn/S3 S6a
IMS CN
S1-C S11
Uu S1-U SGi
eNB SAE-GW
UE
 Sv interface between MME and MSC-S enhanced for SRVCC If the value of the SRVCC HO Indication IE is "PS and CS", the MME
instructs both the MSC server and SGSN to prepare for a handover
PS service handover to 2G networks when DTM (Dual If the value of the SRVCC HO Indication information element (IE) is
Transfer Mode) is supported in 2G BSC "CS Only" in the Handover Required message sent from the eNodeB to
 PS service suspended when DTM is not supported. the MME, the MME instructs only the MSC server to prepare for a
handover ,the PS services of the UE resume during a routing area
update (RAU) procedure in the UTRAN

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study

PUSCH is the coverage bottleneck for VoLTE
VoLTE link budget is uplink limited (>6dB downlink benefit compared to the uplink)
Codec=23.85
DL
>6dB
UL
Driver test result in D operator

VoLTE Coverage impact factors and solutions
The factors of affecting coverage The solutions can be implemented easily

 Voice codec rate: lower voice codec rate
provid longer coverage 12.65K codec rate， ROHC
 Receiver in network: Better demodulation
4 Port Antenna in uplink,
ability of receiver to enhance voice coverage
TTIbundling,RLC segmentation,
 frequency: lower frequency longer UL COMP
coverage
 700M,800M low band coverage
 Terminal: higher TX power of
terminal ,more antenna in terminal  Increase maximum TX power of
terminal ; 4 TX antenna
 Radio environment: indoor，outdoor
urban ，rural area

Low codec rate & low band recommended for initial
deployement
RSRP&MOS comparison in different decode Cell radius comparison in VoLTE

rate (Unit: KM)
4.20 4.20 4.20
1.40
4.07 4.05 4.07 4.00 1.15
3.36 3.62
1.20
1.00
2.26
>2X
0.80
0.60 0.55
0.40
0.20
0.00
-80 dBm -90 dBm -100 dBm -110 dBm -120 dBm voice 12.65K_850 voice 12.65K_1800
23.85K 12.65K From operator P driver test * Huawei simulation
LTE-LTE LTE-LTE
12.65K decode rate can provide better coverage  low band VoLTE cell radius is >2 times than high
than 23.85K band
MOS gain come from high decode rate is less than
expecting
VoLTE Coverage Enhancement: TTI bundling
No RLC Segmentation, no TTI Bundling Packet size can be

transmitted
D0 (~1000 bit)
vs. • RLC Segmentation enable first In Cell edge
scenario.
RLC Segmentation and HARQ Retransmission
D1 D2 D3 D4 … D1 D2 D3 D4
20 TTI
• TTI Bundling transmit same packets 4 times in
one scheduling to expand coverage by increase
TTI Bundling uplink transmission reliability.
VoIP TTI Bundling with RLC Segmentation

D1 D1 D1 D1 D2 D2 D2 D2 D3 D3 D3 D3 D4 D4 D4 D4
TTI_B & ROHC off • TTI Bundling is only enabled at cell edge to
TTI_B & ROHC on
save TTIs, eNodeB makes the decision by UE
SINR.

VoLTE Coverage Test in live network
Drive test result in operator D Drive test result in Operator O
2dB
In Extended Pedestrian A (EPA) model , TTIBundling

TTIbundling can provide 2~3 dB gains in condition
can provide 2 dB gains in aspect of Maximum
TTI bundling, ROHC enabled Acceptable Coupling Loss (MACL)

VoLTE Link budget (UL Seg, ROHC and TTI Bundling)
The VoLTE enhancement features increase the VoLTE Typical AMR-WB Uplink Segmentation FDD
coverage. TTI Bundling has maximum gain but at a cost of Segmentation Only 14
capacity. The typical segmentation varies with the feature
RoHC 9
combination
RoHC+TTI Bundling 4
FDD VoLTE AMR-WB MAPL (50%/30% DL/UL Load)
AMR-WB
23.85kbps
1.5-2dB UL Seg+ROHC+TTIBundling
UL Seg+ROHC
UL Seg
AMR-WB
12.65kbps
135 140 145 150 155 160

VoLTE Coverage:In 1Mbps network ,VoLTE don’t affect the
cell radius
PS& VoLTE simulation Cell radius comparison in
1.50 Typical band
1.15 (unit:KM)
1.00 0.86
0.55
0.50 0.44 0.41 0.33
0.00
voice 12.65K_850 voice 12.65K_1800 voice 12.65K_2100 PS 1Mbps_850 PS 1Mbps_1800 PS 1Mbps_2100
Assumption:
Morphology Dense Urban TX Cost231-
Data Channel Type PUSCH PDSCH Propagation Model Hata(Huawei)
Max Total Tx Power (dBm) 23.00 46.00 eNodeB/UE Antenna
Duplex Mode FDD
Allocated RB 3 26 Height (m) 25.00 1.50
User Environment Indoor
RB to Distribute Power 3 100
System Bandwidth (MHz) 20.0
Channel Model ETU 3 Tx Antenna Gain (dBi) 0 18
MIMO Scheme 1×2 2×2 SFBC RX
Cell Edge Rate (kbps) 54.00 31.60 SINR (dB) -7.82 -10.00
MCS QPSK 0.10 QPSK 0.12 Neighbor Load 50.00% 100.00%

With enhancement features, VoLTE can be co-site constructed
with GSM or UMTS
Pathloss comparison in same frequency Pathloss comparison in same frequency
153 (unit:dB) 152.5 137 (unit:dB)
30 users /cell 50 users /cell 136.45
151.94
in urban outdoor in urban indoor
152 136
151 135
149.92
150 134
133.42
149.3 133.1
132.94
149 133
148
132
131
147
In low voice traffic scenario, VoLTE pathloss can In high voice traffic scenario, VoLTE pathloss has
reach the UMTS level , even beyond UMTS with significant advantage than UMTS
VoLTE enhancement feature
VoLTE coverage: live network test result
No any enhancement feature，in

Some spectrum。
MPLA of VoLTE is better than

GSM
acceptabl
e quality
MPLA=Maximum Pathloss with

a acceptable voice quality
(MOS) and mouth to ear delay
Test result in operator D live network

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study

VoLTE capacity –Definition
 How to define VoIP Capacity?[From 3GPP 36.814-A.2.1.4]
A VoLTE user is in satisfied if 98% radio interface tail latency of this user is smaller than 50 ms.
The system capacity is defined as the number of users in the cell when more than 95% of the users are satisfied.
 VoIP Traffic Model [From 3GPP R1-070674]

Consider the simple 2-state voice activity model shown in Figure, In the model, the probability of transitioning from
state 1 (the active speech state) to state 0 (the inactive or silent state) is equal to a , while the probability of
transitioning from state 0 to state 1 is c . The model is assumed updated at the speech encoder frame rate R= 1/T ,
where T is the encoder frame duration (typically, 20ms).
In Huawei’s simulation, downlink and uplink VoIP traffic are considered at the same tine
a
b = 1-c
Inactive State Active State

State 0 State 1 d = 1-a
c
VoLTE capacity –basic capacity already exceed traditional
network
Simulation Assumptions and Results DS(dynamic scheduling )
Bandwidth
Uniform
Network topology：3GPP Case1，7x3
50-62
5M
Bandwidth：5M、10M、20M (PDCCH limited)
120-140
Carrier Frequency：2.0G 10M
(PDCCH limited)
Channel model：SCME 20M
270-290
(PDCCH limited)
Traffic mode：VoIP AMR 12.2k，VAF 0.5
Schedule mode：DS ；RLC Segment is considered；ROHC is not considered.
Voice Users per 5MHz In different system

Multi-CELLs 110
(Model : Voice 12.65,3Sites,3Sectors per site, Site to Site
85
distance=500m,uniform)
60
46
36
GSM-FR UMTS-CS DS SPS SPS+ROHC

Less impact to data in normal traffic, enhancement features
are required in heavy traffic scenarios
UL refarming will result in VoLTE user In Top cell or big events, VoLTE will
increasing impact cell THP
CS requirement per cell forecast in busy hour Cell throughput impact simulation come
(Unit:Erlang) 57 from VoLTE
20
50 (unit :Mbps)
18 18.17 17.67
Source : huawei study 16 16.7
43
14
13.31
36 12 11.79
10
29 8.73
8
21
6 >10% 5.53
4
3.3
13 2 2.05
10 11 0 Erlang
7 8
6 0 10 20 40 80 120 160 200 240
3 4
23.85K VoLTE
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Top5 CS Volume per cell AVG CS Volume per cell

when voice traffic > 20 Erlang, the cell throughput
M country Top5 cell peak voice traffic will up to 36 ~ 43 fell > 10%. the CCE is the key factor in the special
Erlang in next two years If all the UMTS refarming to events, while voice users consume more CCE, it can
LTE cell, LTE voice traffic per cell will up to 72 ~ 86 be predicted that the impact to data traffic come from
Erlang (LTE 10M Cell, 2UMTS cell refarming 2*36~43) voice will be expand in the special event

Radio resource utilization
3.5 14%
RB
3.2
3 • Based on Lab test: 10MHz
ratio
CCE usage
3 12.20% 12%
2.5 10% bandwidth

2
1.9
8% • Codec rate:12.65K
7%
1.5 1.2
1.3
5%
1.4
5%
6%
• 2 UE
4.50%
1 4%
• Without SPS, ROHC ,TTIB.
0.5 2%
0
1%
0%
• SINR =6dB,18dB,22dB
-81 -97 -121 RSRP
CELL DL USED RB PER TTI CELL UL USED RB PER TTI
CELL DL CCE usage ratio PER SECONDE CELL UL CCE usage ratio PER SECONDE
In cell edge , the CCE & RB resource consumption increase fast .especially the CCE.

Capacity Enhancement: hardware capacity and software
features
The factors of affecting VoLTE capacity The solutions can be implemented
Resource of control channel: The Fewer

resources consumed by voice packet scheduling
in the control channel, the higher the cell’s
Semi Persistent scheduling(SPS)
capacity.
 ROHC
Resource of user channel: The Fewer
resources consumed by voice packet scheduling
UL-delay based dynamic
in user channel, the higher the cell's capacity.
scheduling(DDS)/DL Non-GBR Packet
Scheduling algorithm: How to get a best
Bundling scheduling (PBS)
balance between voice quality and capacity
UBBP board
 capacity of hardware: The hardware
processing power is stronger, the higher the cell’s
capacity

VoLTE capacity enhancement –Semi-persistent scheduling
to save the PDCCH resource
Semi Persistent Scheduler reduce the signalling overhead due to the reduction of grant overheads
(dynamic scheduling uses a minimum 5msec SR period; SPS with the current parameterisation 20msec)
SPS only works for the radio bearer with QCI1 and is configured to the UE with the setup of this DRB
During the voice call SPS can be activated and deactivated via PDCCH message when the UE enter the
silent period.
Semi Persistent Scheduler required UE support

VoLTE capacity enhancement -DL Non-GBR Packet Bundling
Background
• Plenty of small packet traffic occupy more control channel resources and decrease cell capacity.
• Improve the packet delay performance for Downlink Data service.
Solution
• eNB scheduler introduced the delay control. The larger packet delay service can get a higher scheduling priority
under the same condition (such as channel quality, data rate).
As known, the packet number delayed in buffer is more when the packet delay is large. So Packet Bundling
Scheduling strategy based on delay schedules more packets once. This results in the control channel resource
save and the performance improvement.
saved
PDCCH CCE CCE CCE PDCCH CCE CCE CCE
RB assignment by PDCCH 3 times RB assignment by PDCCH once
PDSCH 100bytes 100bytes 100bytes PDSCH 100bytes+100bytes+100bytes
Advantages
• Increase scheduling opportunity, so improve DL throughput (especially to edge users) under the same control
channel resources when congestion happened in control channel but RBs are still enough.
• Optimize the packet delay of Non-GBR traffic (Non-GBR Packet Bundling Scheduling). It works with switch ON.

Use of SPS, DL-NonGBR bundling for different scenarios
Network Inter-Site Carrier Channel Traffic mode Antenna Transmissio UE UE Speed
topology Distance Freq/BW Model n Mode Distributi
on
7x3 500m 2.0G/10MHz SCME VoIP: AMR;Active Factor:0.5 eNB:2T2R TM3 Uniform 3kmh
Data: Full Buffer; 10 user, 15Mbps UE:1T2R
Use DL-NoneGBR bundling to improve the throughput Middle or light loaded cell
DL non-GBR bundling Simulation result
Voice satisfaction
begin to fell
Gains Up to 20%
Simulation assumption :

Use of SPS, DL-NonGBR bundling for different
scenarios(continued)
Use SPS in heavy load or special events to relief CCE bottleneck
SPS Simulation result

(Unit:Mbps)
13.88
13.69 12.86
12.72
Gain>10%
10.81
9.97 9.22
7.7
7.22 6.46
4.55
3.25
VoLTE user
number
40 80 120 160 200 240
23.85K DS 23.85K SPS

VoLTE capacity feature-UL delay-based dynamic scheduling
Original dynamic scheduling Challenge
 Generally, dynamic scheduling priorities  VoIP service is sensitive to packet delay
are based on If user A (at the cell center) is always scheduled prior to
 the QoS requirements of different user B (at the cell edge), A could get very small packet
services delay
 the radio channel quality of UE and much better voice quality than B
 the fairness among users B’s voice quality could be unacceptable, especially
in VoIP service scenarios at high load and result in the
capacity loss
Solution: UL delay-based dynamic scheduling
Apply a delay-weighted scheduling prioritization for VoIP service

The larger the VoIP packet delay is, the higher the scheduling priority results
A more balanced scheduling order helps reduce the number of voice packet whose air delay <50ms to increase the satisfied
voice user number in heavy load scenario
how the different scheduling works in a voice call
Transient State Talk Spurt Silent Period Talk Spurt w/ data
VOIP
Service
States SID Frame
Silent Period 20 ms 160 ms Max 50 ms delay
• New voice call is just • In Talk Spurt, voice packets are • Silent Period happens when • In Talk Spurt with data traffic,
established in the transmitted every 20ms. stop talking. In this state, only several data packets can be
Transient State. silence insertion descriptor scheduled together.
• Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SID) frame is sent to peer UE
• Dynamic assigns regular resource in one every 160 ms by silent UE. • Delay based Dynamic
scheduling is used. scheduling when only voice. Scheduling ensures <50ms
• Persistent resource is released delay for voice packets.
at talk to silence transition;
Dynamic scheduling is used.
Combination of SPS and DDS further improved VoLTE user capacity

VoLTE Coverage Enhancement: ROHC
IP Header Voice Packtes

IP Header Voice Packtes
40~60 Bytes 32~60 Bytes
40~60 Bytes 32~60 Bytes
Payload
RoHC Voice Packtes RoHC Voice Packtes
1 Byte 32~60 Bytes RTP header Payload 1 Byte 32~60 Bytes
UDP header
RoHC header
IP header
Decompression Compression
Compression Original packet Compressed packet Decompression
• As voice packets often have same source and

destination, RoHC can achieve compression to
as small as 1 byte.
• TTI Bundling & RoHC together bring 3dB uplink gain
• Smaller header size on air interface expanded thus increase 20% cell coverage.
uplink cell coverage and increase capacity.

ROHC gains and recommendations
RoHC test result in D operator Different RoHC mode overview
Feedback advantage
U-mode No feedback Good for no feedback channel.

-63% Compression effciency is poorer
than other modes
O- NACK/Static- A trade-off between compression

mode NACK and feedback overhead.
ACK is optional All ROHC headers have CRC field.
Only if CRC is error, the
decompressor sends feedback.
R-mode ACK/NACK/Static- Feedback overhead is larger than

NACK for each other modes.
ROHC headers with The damaged ROHC header
CRC without CRC may be delivered
In good air condition ,the maximum compress rate Huawei recommend using O-mode to get the
reach 63% balance between the compression efficiency and
 R-mode have not too much advantage compare with radio resource
O-mode

RoHC can improve the capacity, but recommended only in
Uplink due to the CPU consumption
LBBPd2 CPU usage test result in RoHC O-
Network topology：
VoLTE with ROHC capacity mode
3GPP Case1，7x3 simulation in single cell(with 80.00% (with SPS)
280
Bandwidth：10M SPS)
67.20%
70.00%
Carrier Frequency： 63%
64.20%
2.0G 200 60.00% 53.00%
180 54.00%
Channel model：SCME 50.00%
47.00%
Traffic mode：VoIP 140
40.00% rohc on
33.40%
AMR 12.65k，VAF 0.5
rohc off
30.00% 30.86%
Schedule mode：
SPS；RLC Segment is 20.00%
considered；ROHC is
10.00%
considered(6bytes). VoLTE user number
12.65-10M 23.85-10M 0.00%
rohc off rohc on 300 600 750 900
With SPS,ROHC , the cell VoLTE(uniform distribution) ROHC consume much more CPU resource , Huawei
capacity up to 280 in 10M bandwidth recommend use ROHC only On Uplink.
ROHC save 30% RB totally and upgrade 4.5% cell
satisfaction ratio under same VoIP users；

VoLTE feature deployment strategy in RAN
1st stage: VoLTE Basic solution
 Guarantee the high performance of VoLTE basic KPI

 HD voice(AMR-WB) and video services All The features launch plan
 High VoLTE KPI: call setup\call drop\packet drop…. should comply with the
 Seamless mobility: intra system and SRVCC maturity of commercial
 High MOS experience for the whole network
terminals.
2ndStage ：Performance Enhancement
Transition phase
for  Provide enhanced experience for VoLTE users
Terminals IoT’s  Power saving: DRX
Verification  Coverage enhancement: RoHC/TTI bundling
 MOS enhancement in interfered area: UL comp
3rd Stage: Capacity Optimization
User booming , and after PDCCH  Network usage raising for VoLTE services
CCE is in congestion  Capacity enhancement: Delay based scheduling/SPS
 Other optimized solution

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study
 Summary and Recommendations

VoLTE call setup performance
VoLTE call setup delays (unit: ms) Note: Test result from operator P
12000
11038
10000
8000
7454
Delays (ms)
6000 5786 5938 6020 6034
4049 4233 4295 4962

4000 3925
3914 3906 3931 3974
2413
2000
1669 1663 1677 1736
643 641 675 714 785

0 RSRP(dBm)
-80 dBm -90 dBm -100 dBm -110 dBm -120 dBm
12.65K 12.65K 12.65K 12.65K 12.2K

LTE-LTE LTE-LTE LTE-3G LTE-3G 3G-3G
(CONNECT) (IDLE) CONNECT IDLE
 Voice call setup delay is much better on VoLTE compared to 3G

 Not much difference for RSRP < -110dBm
VoLTE Quality
VoLTE MOS comparison
(Lab Test result in 50% load) Note: Test result from Huawei
4.2 Lab
4 4 4.02
3.94
3.87 3.87 3.87
3.8
MOS
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.12 3.13 3.13
3
-75 -95 -105 RSRP(dBm)
AMR-WB6.6Kbps AMR-WB12.65Kbps AMR-WB23.85Kbps
 VoLTE AMR-WB 23.85k has no significant gain over AMR-WB12.65k

 AMR-WB 12.65k is the recommendation for the sake of more radio interface capacity

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study

VoLTE mobility strategy
Intra-freq handover
LTE FDD high band FDD handover or inter-freq handover
Intra-freq handover
LTE FDD low band

SRVCC to 2G/3G
UMTS/GSM
Handover direction Solution Strategy recommendation

FDD LTE ( intra-freq) Intra-freq handover Intra-frequency handover is based on the A3 RSRP event trigger, it is
based on coverage recommended as same as data services, using the same measurement and
judgment threshold
FDD LTE ( inter-freq) Inter-freq handover Voice and Data configured independently handover parameters to make the
based on coverage voice handover trigger more easily.
From LTE to 2G/3G SRVCC Enable SRVCC only in FDD low band(better coverage layer). No need SRVCC
in highband(Weak coverage layer)

VoLTE & CA
• VoLTE users can connect to each carrier

• The data of QCI1 radio bear will only be scheduled on Primary
CC.
(Because the VoLTE service throughput is low, and there is no
need to share low traffic on secondary CC. This mechanism is to
avoid unnecessary CA activation)
Conclusion:
No direct limit and interact between CA and VoLTE

Content

 VoLTE Coverage
 VoLTE Capacity
 Case Study

Operator L case

Coverage is the key of VoLTE experience
10Mbps experience ,high density cell

High density cell lead to very less weak coverageExcellent
areas coverage leads to
AVG RSRP - excellent voice experience
64dBm,100%> -110
MOS MOS-P863
-…
120.00%
4.2,
100.00% MOS>4.0 100.00%
4.1, 86.96%
80.00%
60.00%
1KM
AVG SINR
15.1,99.8%> -3 40.00% 4, 39.75%
AVG square km
230Cell 20.00%
1KM
3.9, 15.53%
(particular ) 3.8, 8.07%
AVG square km 0.00%
3.7 3.8 3.9 4 4.1 4.2 4.3
100Cell
Total 60K RRU in Seoul ,
850M:2.6G:2.1G≈3:2:1
Avg Mos:4.0 60% test point
>4.0

The interference of high band is lower bring a better KPI
The interference of 2.6G is lower LGU+ VoLTE KPI of high band is better
than 850M
VoLTE KPIthan low band
comparison between 2
The interference comparison
0.25% bands 100.00%
120.00% between 2 bands 99.95%
0.21% 99.95%
100.00%
0.20% 99.90%
80.00% 99.82% 99.85%
0.15% 99.80%
60.00%
99.75%
40.00%
0.10% 99.70%
0.08%
20.00% 99.65%
0.05% 99.60%
0.00%
-15 <= x < -10
-10 <= x < -5
-5 <= x < -3
x < -15
5 <= x < 10
10 <= x < 15
15 <= x < 20
20 <= x < 25
25 <= x < 30
35 <= x < 40
0 <= x < 5
-3 <= x < 0
99.55%
0.00% 99.50%
850M 2.6G
SINR-850 SINR-2.6G
call drop rate call setup success rate
 operator L 850M spectrum near the frequency of The call drop rate ,call setup success rate of
policy , it brings a high interference 2.6G is better than 850M
 850M overshooting too much
Prefer high-band attachment, resulting in a higher
proportion of VoLTE activation in high-band
In The same coverage, high -band The ratio of VoLTE call is significant
has the priority be attached higher
1.02%
than low band
20M@2.6G
Cell ReselecctPriority= 6
QRxLevMin= -100dBm
idle：
Choose
10M@2.1G high band
0.45% 0.46%
Cell ReselecctPriority= 4 first
QRxLevMin= -114dBm
Weak coverage
10M@850M area
Choose low-band
2.6G 2.1G 800M
Cell VoLTE Service Ratio
ReselecctPriority= 2
QRxLevMin= -128dBm

VoLTE handover strategy & optimization
interFreqHo measurement Weekly call drop rate comparison

threshold RSRP= - after X2 optimization
20M@2.6G 114dBm(A2)
Ho judgment threshold
0.21%
RSRP= -114dBm(A4)
Handover from 2.6

10M@2.1G interFreqHo
-10%
almost to 850M， 0.12%
unless signal of measurement threshold
2.1G is very strong RSRP = -100dBm(A2)
(>-100dBm) 2.1G can hand
over both to 2.6 RSRP = -114dBm(A4)
& 850 interFreqHo
measurement threshold
10M@850M RSRP = -140dBm before X2 optimized after X2 optimized
850M is the last coverage layer , the threshold ofRSRP = -43dBm As much as possible using the X2 interface in
measurement is very low and the threshold of judgment intre-site handover to reduce call dropped due to
is very high ,almost no handover long delay of handover

The terminal & tariff in Operator L
The information of VoLTE terminal The strategy of VoLTE tariff

Normal / unlimited voice data comparison
Normal / unlimited voice tariff comparison
12+ VoLTE 25 (* GB)
(*KRW) -1100
Smartphone
120,000 unlimited tariff A unlimited tariff
-4
100,000
normal tariff 20
normal tariff
A
Galaxy S5 Samsung Note2 LG G2 B +7700
80,000 15
60,000
10
 terminal capability 40,000 -1
B
 No TTI 5
20,000
bundling/RoHC/SPS/DRX/SRVCC
0 0
 850M,2.1G,2.6G 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
 Dual APNs: one for IMS, one for data A To use data traffic exchange free voice in High-end packages
 Voice call bearers: QCI1(voice
packet)+QCI5(IMS default bearer )+QCI6(data default B To use small amounts of data traffic + additional charges
exchange free voice Low-end packages
bearer)
To use data exchange Free voice , profit of the high-
 HD voice: AMR-WB 23.85kbps ，No codec
end is greater than the low end packages
adjustment in any case
Intelligent VoLTE guarantee excellent performance of voice
HD Voice Quality Reliability Continuity

MOS +0.17 Call setup success rate Call drop rate
+0.05% -0.02%
4.1 99.88% 0.11%
99.83%
3.93
0.09%
3.47
99.33% 0.07%
CDMA VoLTE -E// VoLTE-HW CDMA VoLTE -E// VoLTE-HW CDMA VoLTE -E// VoLTE-HW
 Interference suppressed in cell edge  Self-developed chipset, powerful  Power Control optimized in handover
(UL COMP) capability of scheduling area for voice
 Excellent RLC segmentation  Excellent algorithm of scheduling in  advanced receiver technology of
algorithm call setup process IRC

Operator P case

VOLTE terminal & network
Single terminal ,network with 90% area of PCCW network

out any enhancement meet the requirement of
feature VoLTE
Typical signal CDF in pccw
area RSRP,SINR
120.00%
100%
100.00%
97.20% 100%
88.42% 99.90%
80.00%
60.00% 58.57%
40.00%
RSRP
20.00%
9.17% 97.2%>-110
0.00%
[-70,0] [-80,-70] [-90,-80] [-100,-90] [-110,-100] [-120,-110] [-130,-120]
120.00%
100.00%
SINR 96.70%
Samsung galaxy Note 3 LTE 80.00% 95.1%>-3 90.20% 97.10%
Spectrum support 60.00% 65.10%
800/850/900/1800/2100/2600MHz 40.00%
33.40%
Support SPS,DRX,TTIbundling(network 20.00%
12.60%
0.00% 0.40% 2.90%
inactive ) [-20,-5] [-5,0] [0,5] [5,10] [10,15] [15,20] [20,25] [25,30]
VoLTE decode rate 12.65
 SRVCC enabled
Setting a low measurement threshold of SRVCC to avoid the
influence to voice experience
The strategy of VoLTE mobility The MOS impact of different handover mode comparison
6.00
4.20
3.32 3.50
4.00 2.87
2.00
FDD 2.6G， 0.00
Cell Reselect no handover inter-freq intra-freq SRVCC
handover handover
priority =6 interFreqHo measurement
QRxLevMin = - threshold RSRP =- - MOS-P863
128dBm 113dBm(A2) The SRVCC proportion in
FDD 1.8G， Ho judgment threshold 25000 2.00%
RSRP =- -106dBm(A4)
21460 one week
22209
Cell Reselect priority= 4 20000 21015 18673 1.50%
SRVCC 21138
QRxLevMin =- - 15000 13192
RSRP A2 measurement 1.00%
128dBm 10000 12822
threshold 0.27% 0.31%
5000 0.21% 0.15% 0.20% 0.20% 0.16% 0.50%
= -124dBm ,
UMTS B1 measurement 0 0.00%
threshold
UMTS 2.1G = -100dBm
Srvcc rate VoLTE Est times
if the signal is poor in the 2.6G network , the VoLTE driver test showed that the SRVCC will impact
will handover to 1.8G networks, SRVCC only works the voice quality, some time even worse than 3G
on 1.8G network , to avoid frequent SRVCC one week statistic showed that SRVCC
handover
HUAWEI .
TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. proportion
Company <1%
Confidential Page 62
Excellent VoLTE experience
Handover delay quality voice ratio SRVCC weekly handover

comparison comparison success rate of 99% on
(unit:ms) 88.88 (MOS>3.5) 100% average 70
261 % 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
100% 60
212 99% 59
45 50
57.58 99%
58
% 45 40
98%
27 30
98% 32 97.83% 21
20
97%
97% 10
96% 96.43% 0
3G-3G handover LTE to 3G SRVCC VoLTE 3G Srvcc attempt times SRVCC HO success rate
Minimum SRVCC delay< PCCW VoLTE network the number

3G intra-RAT handover voice quality of SRVCC initiated is few,
delay comprehensively exceed leading to fluctuations, the
its traditional network overall average success
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential rate of 99% Page 63
The unified unlimited voice tariff
3G & 4G
Unified plan
3G
4G&CSFB
4G&VoLTE
Till 9-Jun-2014: VoLTE Subs reach 47K+，the online user is 6.8K+ in busy hour
THANK YOU
www.huawei.com
Copyright©2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements regarding the
future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive
statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and constitutes neither an offer nor an
acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time without notice.

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Huawei VoLTE Solutions

Wednesday, 28August, 2014

Kyle Tang / kyle.tang@huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

 VoLTE Updates & Trends

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 2

$700,000 Mobile data& voice revenue forecast(M$)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 4

VoLTE status of deployment

8 operators have launched in global

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 7

 VoLTE Updates & Trends

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 8

MMTel AS/SCC AS/IP-SM-GW RCS AS

PHY TTI Bundling/ UL COMP

Data card Handset

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 10

1 GBR 2 100ms 10-2 VoIP

5 Non-GBR 1 100ms 10-6 IMS signaling

•VoLTE AMR-WB 12.65kbps+IPV4：MBR=GBR=31kbps

•VoLTE AMR-WB 23.85kbps+IPV4：MBR=GBR=44kbps

<275ms <135ms SGi INF.

MME S/PGW MME S/PGW

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 12

RRC Connection UE enter the preemption

RRC establishment phase to execute the user admission

Random Access User initiates service

RRC Connection Request N Is PUCCH resource

ERAB establishment phase to use service admission.

Voice satisfaction rate definition

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 15

Network & terminal

UE recognizes emergency UE support CSFB

Use special dedicated bearer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 16

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 17

Voice quality comparison in different DRX recommendation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 18

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 19

 VoLTE Updates & Trends

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 20

Driver test result in D operator

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 21

The factors of affecting coverage The solutions can be implemented easily

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 22

RSRP&MOS comparison in different decode Cell radius comparison in VoLTE

23.85K 12.65K From operator P driver test * Huawei simulation

No RLC Segmentation, no TTI Bundling Packet size can be

VoIP TTI Bundling with RLC Segmentation

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 24

Drive test result in operator D Drive test result in Operator O

In Extended Pedestrian A (EPA) model , TTIBundling

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 25

FDD VoLTE AMR-WB MAPL (50%/30% DL/UL Load)

135 140 145 150 155 160

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 26

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 27

No any enhancement feature，in

MPLA of VoLTE is better than

MPLA=Maximum Pathloss with

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Company Confidential Page 29