Subject : Pollution Control Safety Management

(2160504)
Pacific School of
Engineering B.E(III) – 6th Semester 2018 - 19 Gujarat
Technological
University

Membrane separation

Submitted By :-
• Name • Entrollment No.
• Brijesh Jha • 161120105017
• Narayan Bhargav • 161120105004 GUIDED BY :
• Umang Sojitra • 161120105058 Pro. Piyush Modi
Pro. Ketul Chaudhary
• Vivek Navadiya • 161120105035 (Chemical Department )
PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
CONTENT

• 1)Introduction
• 2)Reverse Osmosis
• 3)Dialysis
• 4)Electrodylasis
INTRODUCTION

• A membrane is a selective barrier that permits the separation of certain

species in a fluid by combination of sieving and diffusion
mechanisms.
• Membranes can separate particles and molecules and over a wide
particle size range and molecular weights.
REVERSE OSMOSIS

• Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semi

permeable membrane to remove larger particles from drinking water.
• In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic
pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potential,a
thermodynamic parameter.
• Reverse osmosis can remove many types of molecules and ions from
solutions, including bacteria, and is used in both industrial processes and
the production of potable water.
• The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the
membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be
"selective", this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions
through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the
solution .
PROCESS
DIALYSIS
• A process for selectively removing low mol. wt. solutes from solution
by allowing them to diffuse into a region of lower concentration
through thin porous membranes. There is little or no pressure
difference across the membrane and the flux of each solute is
proportional to the concentration difference. Solutes of high mol. wt.
are mostly retained in the feed solution, because their diffusivity is
low and because diffusion in small pores is greatly hindered when the
molecules are almost as large as the pores.
PRINCIPLE AND WORKING
• Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of
fluid across a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion is a property of substances in
water; substances in water tend to move from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
•
• Blood flows by one side of a semi-permeable membrane, and a dialysate, or
special dialysis fluid, flows by the opposite side. A semi permeable membrane is a
thin layer of material that contains holes of various sizes, or pores. Smaller
solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the membrane blocks the
passage of larger substances (for example, red blood cells, large proteins).
•
• This replicates the filtering process that takes place in the kidneys, when the
blood enters the kidneys and the larger substances are separated from the
smaller
ELECTRODYLASIS
• The membranes are cation- or anion-selective, which basically means
that either positive ions or negative ions will flow through. Cation-
selective membranes are polyelectrolytes with negatively charged
matter, which rejects negatively charged ions and allows positively
charged ioto flow through.
By placing multiple membranes in a row, which alternately allow
positively or negatively charged ions to flow through, the ions can be
removed from wastewater .
• In some columns concentration of ions will take place and in other columns ions will be
removed. The concentrated saltwater flow is circulated until it has reached a value that
enables precipitation. At this point the flow is discharged.
• This technique can be applied to remove ions from water. Particles that do not carry an
electrical charge are not removed.

• Cation-selective membranes consist of sulphonated polystyrene, while anion-selective

membranes consist of polystyrene with quaternary ammonia.
Sometimes pre-treatment is necessary before the electro dialysis can take place.
Suspended solids with a diameter that exceeds 10 µm need to be removed, or else they
will plug the membrane pores. There are also substances that are able to neutralize a
membrane, such as large organic anions, colloids, iron oxides and manganese oxide.
These disturb the selective effect of the membrane.
Pre-treatment methods, which aid the prevention of these effects are active carbon
filtration (for organic matter), flocculation (for colloids) and filtration techniques.