Basic Communication Model

• Components
• SENDER
• MEDIUM
• RECEIVER
• MESSAGE
• PROTOCOL

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 Leased Circuit
A leased circuit is a dedicated link
provided between two fixed
locations for exclusive use by the
customer.
A leased circuit may be a speech
circuit, a data circuit or a
telegraph circuit. 2
 Leased line
• A leased line is a service contract
between a provider and a customer,
whereby the provider agrees to deliver
a symmetric telecommunications line
connecting two or more locations in
exchange for a monthly rent (hence the
term lease). It is sometimes known as a
'Private Circuit' or 'Data Line'
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 Why Leased Line?
• The effectiveness of
communication depends on :
• DELIVERY
• ACCURACY
• TIMELINESS

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 LEASE LINE
• Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to
connect geographically distant offices. Unlike dial-
up connections, a leased line is always active.
• The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate.
The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are
distance between end points and the speed of the
circuit. Because the connection doesn't carry
anybody else's communications, the carrier can
assure a given level of quality.

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 LEASE LINE
–Leased line charges are uniform for all cases
and are same as applicable for point to
point leased circuits.
–Minimum hiring period for all regular leased
circuits in one year.
–Leased line charges depend on
• Distance
• Type of Circuit
• Bandwidth 6
 Types of Circuits
• Local circuits :
• within two locations in Delhi

• Long distance circuits :

• Between Delhi & places outside Delhi

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 MODEM
• Modem is a device which converts
digital signal to analogue and
analogue signal to digital.
• Hence modem is also called DAD
digital-analogue-digital converter

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 Functions of the modem :
• DAD conversion
• Transmission and reception
• Error detection and correction
• Detect equipment / transmission failure
• Hand shaking
• Initiate call and automatic answer to I/c
call
• Voice/Data capabilities 9
 Data Speeds
• 2400 bps
• 4800 bps
• 9600 bps
• 64 kbps
• 2 mbps
• 8 mbps
• 34 mbps
• 140 mbps
• Data Speeds

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 Connectivity
• Delhi Delhi
• DELHI CHENNAI
• STAND ALONE OR POINT TO POINT
CONNECTIVITY.
• Connectivity

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 Leased Line Problems
• New circuit provisioning
• Failure of circuit
• Fixed bandwidth
• No monitoring of circuit
• No quick rerouting
• Records of faults
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 Leased line alternatives
• Leased lines are more expensive than alternative
connectivity services including (ADSL, SDSL, etc.)
because they are reserved exclusively to the
leaseholder. Some internet service providers have
therefore developed alternative products that aim
to deliver leased-line type services (Carrier
Ethernet-based, zero contention, guaranteed
availability), with more moderate bandwidth,
While a leased line is full-duplex, most leased line
alternatives provide only half-duplex or in many
cases asymmetrical service.
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 why managed?
• It is centrally monitored and allotment of circuits,
deletion of circuits, fault monitoring and intimation
to the maintenance staff, all these functions is
being carried out by main NMS
• Allotment of point to point and point to multipoint
circuits. - Bandwidth 64 Kbps or N X 64 Kbps
Maximum 2048 Kbps. - Provides fully managed and
controlled service by using NMS. - Continuous
performance monitoring, Fault monitoring is
possible.
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 MLLN Offers
• End to end circuit creation
• Continuous Monitoring
• Circuit loop test
• Fault isolation
• Alternate re routing of traffic
• Software programmability
• Zero downtime
• Practically no congestion
• Unauthorized access is impossible 15
 Managed Leased Line Network
• MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi-
service
• digital network platform :
• Can offer a wide range of services at an
optimal cost
• Flexible Network Management system with
powerful diagnostics and maintenance tool
• Can be used to provide high-speed leased
lines with improved QoS (Quality of service),
high availability and reliability 16
 Features of MLLN
• Provides Leased Data circuits as per demand from
• customer
• More Reliable
• End to end circuit creation
• Circuit loop test and fault isolation
• Alternate re-routing of traffic in case of traffic failure
• Modems will be provided by service provider
• 24 hrs. performance monitoring
• On demand bandwidth can be changed
• Long drive on single Copper pair
• Centrally managed from Network Management
• System (NMS) 17
 Managed Leased Line Network
• Provides fully secure data communication service
• System offers features such as end to end circuit
• creation and monitoring, circuit loop test and
• fault isolation, Alternate re-routing of traffic,
• Software programmability of NTUs
• The Network Management System also supports
• Service Provisioning, Network Optimization,
• Planning and service monitoring

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 Features beneficial to the customers
• Customers need not to buy modems.
• 24 hours performance monitoring .
• Circuit fault reports generated pro actively.
• On demand bandwidth can be increased.
• Low lead-time for new circuit provisioning.
• Protection against the failure of the circuit.
• Long drive on single pair copper.
• Centrally managed from NMS.
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 Features beneficial to the customers
• MLLN also supports enhanced
features such as Corporate Internet
Access, Point-to-point Data, Point to
multipoint data. LAN-IC, Hotline,
EPABX Inter-connect, EPABX Remote
Extension and ISDN Line Extension,
Virtual Private Network etc.
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 Advantages to Service Provider
• Statistics on an end-to-end status
• Pro actively detect a fault
• Automatic re-routing of traffic ensures both
• customer satisfaction and also prevent a likely
loss of revenue
• The negotiable bandwidth during the
different time of the day
• Bandwidth on demand
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 Technical Requirements
Components of MLLN system :
• Network Management System
(NMS)
• Digital cross Connect (DXC)
• Versatile Multiplexer (VMUX)
• Network Termination Unit (NTU)
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23
 Network Management Systems
• Network Management Systems: The network
management systems allows the network
operator to configure, manage and monitor all
aspects and parameters of the remote
elements of the MLLN without the need for
local intervention

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 N M S : FUNCTIONS
• Fault Management
• Performance Management
• Security Management
• Route Management
• Software Management
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 Digital Cross Connect
• Digital Cross Connect Systems: A piece of
circuit switched network equipment used in
telecommunications networks that allow
lower level TDM (Time-division Multiplexing)
bit streams to be rearranged and
interconnected among higher level TDM
signals

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 VERSATILE MUX : V MUX
• VERSATILE MUX is a small capacity cross connect
device and is installed at different exchanges for
providing user connectivity. VMUX is made up of
basic nodes.

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 Network Terminating Units
• Network Terminating Units: A unit of the
network which serves as an interface between
customer equipment and digital data service
are base band modems are also called as
customer premises equipment.

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