DAM SAFETY MONITORING IN

HYDRO
CRACK & JOINT METERS
 JOINT METER
 Application
 Jointmeter is designed for use across
construction joint such as those between
adjacent blocks in a concrete dam.
 It is normally embedded across the joint to
monitor the expansion or contraction of the
joint.
 The use of internal universal joint allows for a
degree of shearing motion.
(A )JOINT METER
( B ) STRAND METER
 STRAND METER
 APPLICATION :-

 Strandmeter is designed to measure strains in

tendons and steel cable.
 Two clamps at each end of the strandmeter
hold it firmly on to the cable .
 Various size clamps are available
 CRACK & JOINT METER
 APPLICATION:-

 Crackmeter is intended to measure movement

across surface crack and joints.
 It is installed by grouting ,or bonding two
threaded anchors (with ball joint) on opposite
sides of the crack and than attaching the ends
of the gage to the anchors.
(C ) CRACK &JOINT METER
 MINIATURE CRACK METER
 APPLICATION:-

 Miniature crackmeter intended to measure

displacements across surface crack and
joints.
 It has been specially designed for
applications where access is limited where
monitoring instrumentation is to be as
unobtrusive as possible.
(D ) MINIATURE CRACK METER
 CONVERGENCE METER
 APPLICATION:-

 CONVERGENCE METER IS USED TO MONITOR

CLSURES IN UNDERGROUND EXCAVATION ,
TUNNELS , ETC.

 IT IS COMPRISED OF A SPRING TENSIONED

TRANSDUCER, TURNBUCKLE, CONNECTING ROD
( STAINLESS STEEL,FIBERGLASS OR GRAPHITE)
ROD CLAMP, AND A PAIR OF STAINLESS STEEL EYE
BOLTS.

 TRANSDUCER LENGTH:- 360 TO 1260 MM

(E ) CONVERGENCE METER
 LONG RANG DISPLACEMENT
METER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is ideally suited for the measurement of large

displacements associated with landslides.

 Can also be used for monitoring the

movement of boulder, snow etc, on unstable
slopes.
(F) LONG RANG DISPLACEMENT
METER
 SOIL STRAINMETER WITH
FLANGED ENDS
 APPLICATION:-

 Is designed to measure longitudinal deformation in

dam and embankments.

 It can also be grouted or held in place by hydraulic

anchors to measure deformations in boreholes
( over the gage length ).

 Gage length from 0.5 to 100 meters .

(G) SOIL STRAINMETER WITH
FLANGED ENDS
 DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is provides remote readout capabilityfor borehole

extensometers.
 They are particularly useful where other types of
vibrating wire sensors are used and / or for
installations where long runs are required.
 Can also be installed between conjunction with the
requisite length connecting rod, to provide a
permanent, in place incremental extensometer.
(H ) DISPLACEMENT
TRANSDUCER
EXTENSOMETERS
 Flexible rod extensometer
 Application:-

 Flexible extensometer uses continuous-

specified lengths of fiberglass rods (in side
protective tubing), cut to a requirement.
 The extensometer is lightweight, making it
easier to handle for installation .
 Maximum length :- 100 meters.
(A) FLEXIBLE ROD
EXTENSOMETER
RETRIEVABLE EXTENSOMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is desingned to measure deformations in boreholes

in rock, concrete, and other construction materials.

 The can be used in pile load test studies, plate

jacking tests and virtually any application where a
hole can be drilled or a pipe can be cast in to the
structure being studied.
(B) RETRIEVABLE
EXTENSOMETER
 DIFFERENT TYPE OF ANCHORS
 APPLICATION:-

 A) Borros type hydraulic anchor:- For use in soft

soils and clays, especially in augered boreholes.

 B) Groutable anchor:- The preferred anchor for use

in downward-directed boreholes. The preassembled
extensometer is installed in the borehole and is then
filled with cement grout.
Cont.
 C) Hydraulic anchor:- For use in rough
boreholes in rock and soft ground,especially
if dilations and contractions of the borehole
are anticipated .

 D) Snap-ring anchor :- For use in hard or

competent rock where smooth uniform
boreholes can be drilled. The simplicity of the
design allows for quick and easy installation.
(C) DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ANCHORS
HEAVE/SETTLEMENT POINTS
 APPLICATION:-

 Is to measure vertical movements in

foundation soils during and subsequent to
construction.

 The heave/settlement point consists of a three

– prong anchor, ¼ inch standard inner pipe,
and a 1inch standard outer pipe.
(D) HEAVE/SETTLEMENT POINTS
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
 A) Digital depth micrometer:- Readout of
borehole extensometers is made on a digital
counter after manual adjustment of the
thimble.

 B) Dail indicator :- Used for quick and easy

readout of borehole extensometers. Accuracy
is 0.01 mm, standard range is 50 mm.
Cont.
 C) Linear potentiometer:- Utilizes a sturdy 6.5 mm
diameter rod which protrudes from both ends as the
actuating shaft.This also use for mechanical check
on the readings.

 D) VW Displacement Transducer:- Is provides

remote readout for extensometers.They are
particularly useful where other types of VW sensors
are used and where long cable runs are required.
(E) TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
 TAPE EXTENSOMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is designed to measure small changes in the distance

between opposite walls or between the roof and floor of
excavations, tunnels, or mine openings.

 It can also used to monitor deformation in structures and

supports and to measure movements of unstable slopes.

 Readout is provided electronically via a front panel LCD.

(F) TAPE EXTENSOMETER
 MAGNETIC EXTENSOMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is designed to measure settlement or heave of soft

ground under the influence of loading or unloading
due to the construction of embankments ,fills,
buildings, foundations, and structures.

 A probe is lowered inside a telescoping guide tube to

detect and measure the position of magnetic
anchors located around the guide tube at various
depths along the borehole or with in the fill.
(G) MAGNETIC EXTENSOMETER
INCLINOMETERS
 INCLINOMETER PROBE
 APPLICATION:-

 Is used in conjunction with inclinometer casing for the measurement of

lateral earth movements which might occur in unstable slopes, land
slides, dam and roadway embankments, and landfills.

 They are also used to measure deflections in the walls of excavation,

shafts, tunnels, and in caissons , piles and sheet piling.

 The probe consists of a waterproof stainless steel housing containing two

force-balanced servo-accelerometers with an output of five volts at 30
degree.
INCLINOMETER PROBE
 SPIRAL INDICATOR
 APPLICATION:-

 Is uses a flex-gate magnetometer to measure any

spiraling of inclinometer casing.

 The 6005 is lowered into the casing on the end of

standard inclinometer cable connected to the GK-
603 inclinometer readout box.

 The instrument provides a direct reading of the

casing grooves at any point along the casing.
(A) SPIRAL INDICATOR
 HORIZONTAL INCLINOMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 Horizontal inclinometer is measures differential

settlement along the length of the casing.

 Standard range ;- + - 53 DEGREE.

 Casing size I.D 61 TO 89 MM.
 Temperature range :- 0 degree to + 50 degree.
 (B) HORIZONTAL
INCLINOMETER PROBE
INCLINOMETER DATA
BOREHOLE PRESSURE CELLS
MEASUREMENTS
 BOREHOLE PRESSURE CELL
 APPLICATION:-

 Is used to measure rock stress changes and is

designed to the grouted inside a borehole.

 The BPC is manufactured from two steel plates

weled together around their periphery.

 The plates are deformed into a” dog bone’

configuration so that they can be expanded easily
without damage to the welds.
Cont.

 Hydraulic oil fills the space between the two

plates and high-pressure stainless steel tube
connects the plates to a stainless steel
pressure gage and/ or a pressure transducer.
 Size of borehole:- 57mm.
A. BOREHOLE PRESSURE CELL
 VIBRATING WIRE BOREHOLE
STRESSMETERS
 APPLICATION:-

 Are designed to measure stress changes in rock and

can be installed in boreholes up to 100 feet deep.

 The stressmeter consists of a high strength steel

proving ring wedged tightly across one diameter
inside a borehole and a vibrating wire tensioned
across the other diameter inside the stressmeter.
Cont.

 Changes in rock stress cause a related

change in the resonant frequency of vibration
of the tensioned wire providing output which
is read by the readout box.
B. VIBRATING WIRE BOREHOLE
STRESSMETER
 VIBRATING WIRE BIAXIAL
STRESSMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 Is designed to measure compressive stress changes in rock,

salt, concrete or ice.

 Three or six vibrating wire sensors oriented at 60 degree

internals allow the principal stress changes to be measured
in the plane perpendicular to the stressmeter axis.

 The stressmeter consists of a high strength steel cylinder

which is grouted in to a BX 60mm size borehole.
C. VIBRATING WIRE BIAXIAL
STRESSMETER
 VIBRATING WIRE SISC
BOREHOLE STRESSMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 The SISC is pre-loaded by wedging it into a large

size diamond drill hole using an integral screw
mechanism or hydraulic piston and can be set to
measure both tensile and/ or compression stress
changes.

 It has been used successfully in 152 mm diameter

overcoring holes to measure Aggregate/Alkali
Reactions in concrete dams.
 C. VIBRATING WIRE SISC
BOREHOLE STRESSMETER
 CONCRETE STRESSMETER
 APPLICATION:-

 The vibrating wire load cell measures the

load imposed on the inner concrete cylinder
by stresses in the surrounding concrete.

 This load , when divided by the cross

sectional area of the inner cylinder, gives the
stress in the surrounding concrete.
D. CONCRETE STRESSMETER
 BOREHOLE DEFORMATION
GAGE
 APPLICATION:-

 Used to measure in situ rock stresses using

the overcoring technique in rock that is
competent and elastic.

 It is also useful for determining the inherent

stability of pit slopes, foundation excavations,
mine pillars and abutments.
E. BOREHOLE DEFORMATION
GAGE
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
 SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
 APPLICATION:-

 Is designed for the remote measurement of surface or

subsurface settlement in fills, surchanges, dams,
embankments, etc.

 A borehole is drilled which allows a pressure transducer to

be anchored to solid ground below the area of settlement.

 A fluid filled tube extends upward connecting the transducer

to a reservoir which is located in the moving strata or fill.
Cont.
 The measurement of fluid press indicates the
elevation difference between the sensor and the
reservoir.
 This design eliminates the need for long liquid filled
tubes.
 Standard Ranges :- 7,17,35 meters.
 Temperature Ranges :- _20 degree to + 80 degree.
 Length × diameter :- 305 ×60 mm (reservoir), 191
×35 mm (sensor)
A .SETTLEMENT SYSTEM.
 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
ATTACHED TO A SETTLEMENT
PLATE
 APPLICATION:-

 The settlement plate located in the settling ground.

 The sensor is connecting , via two fluid filled tubes extending

laterally, to a reservoir located on firm ground away from
the area of anticipated movement.

 Fluid pressure within the tubes is sensed by the transducer

which provides a measure of the elevation difference
between the sensor and the reservoir.
 The tubes are flush-able.
Cont.

 Standard Ranges:- 7, 17 meter.

 Temperature Ranges :- -20 degree to +80
degree.
 Length × diameter :- 152 × 51 mm
(reservoir), 191 × 35 mm (sensor)
 B. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
ATTACHED TO A SETTLEMENT
PLATE
 SETTLEMENT PROFILER
 APPLICATION:-

 Consists of a pressure transducer inside a torpedo which is

connected by a long liquid filled tube to a liquid reservoir.

 The torpedo is pulled through a pipe buried in a fill,

surcharge, embankment, etc.

 The transducer gives a measure of the elevation profile of

the pipe relative to the reservoir located on stable ground.

 The liquid tube is stored on a reel.

C. SETTLEMENT PROFILER
 HIGH SENSITIVITY
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
 APPLICATION:-

 Consists of a series of vessels containing liquid level

sensors interconnected by a liquid filled tube.
 A reference vessel is positioned at a stable bench
mark location with additional vessels positioned at
different location at approximately the same
elevation.
 The differential settlement or heave between any
vessel and the reference vessel results in an
apparent rise or fall of the liquid level in that vessel.
D. HIGH SENSITIVITY
SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
 PRECISION SETTLEMENT
MONITORING SYSTEM
 APPLICATION:-

 System was designed to measure differential

settlements with a very high degree of
accuracy and resolution, making it suitable
for applications of a highly critical nature
where the expected settlement are small.
E. PRECISION SETTLEMENT
MONITORING SYSTEM
 STRAIN GAGE
MEASUREMENT
A. STRAIN GAGE
B. FIBER OPTIC STARIN GAGE
C. DYNAMIC STARIN
TRANSDUCER
D. STRAIN GAGE
E. MODIFIED STRAIN GAGE
F. STRAIN GAGES
 G. HIGH TEMPERATURE
EMBEDMENT STRAIN GAGE
H. REBAR STRAINMETER
I. FIBER OPTIC REBAR
STRAINMETER
EARTH PRESSURE CELLS
A. EARTH PRESSURE CELL
B. ANOTHER PRESSURE CELL
C. JACKOUT PRESSURE CELL
D. JACKOUT PRESSURE CELL
HYDRAULIC
E. INTERGRAL PIEZOMETER
F. NATM STYLE SHOTCRETE
STRESS CELLS
G. LOAD CELL
H. VIBRATING WIRE STRAIN
GAGE
I. VIBRATING WIRE
TRANSDUCER
DATALOGGERS
A. SINGLE CHANNEL
DATALOGGER
B. MULTI CHANNEL
DATALOGGER
C. 16 CHANNEL DATA LOGGER
D. DATA COLLECTION
E. MEASUREMENT & CONTROL
 F. INTERFACE TO READ
VIBRATING WIRE SENSOR
G. MULTIPLEXER
H. DATA ACQUISITION
I. DATA STORAGE
J. VIBRATING WIRE TO ANALOG
CONVERTER