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Design of Oressurized Irrigation Systems
Design of Oressurized Irrigation Systems
ENGINEERING
2nd YEAR 2018-2019
DESIGN OF PRESSURIZED
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
By Twizeyimana Tharcisse
COURSE OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
Understand the adoptability of different
pressure
Determination of different design parameters
Making and understanding a proper design,
layout, operation, maintenance and
performance evaluation of drip, sprinkler and
center pivot irrigation systems.
COURSE CONTENTS
Unit I: Introduction
Unit II: Pumping stations
Unit III: Sprinkler irrigation system
Unit IV: Drip irrigation system
Unit V: Center pivot irrigation system
Unit VI: Miscellaneous
ASSESSMENT
DEFINITION
A pressure piped irrigation system is a network installation
consisting of pipes, fittings and other devices properly
designed and installed to supply water under pressure from
the source of the water to the irrigable area.
COMPONENTS
Water sources
Energy sources (Gravity,Mechanical, Internal
combustion) and
distribution network (pipe or canal) are basic irrigation
components.
Introduction (cont’s)
A pressurized irrigation system operates through a
piping system where water flows under pressure as
compared to gravity systems where water flows due to
level difference.The pressurized irrigation system
provides opportunities of minimum water losses which
otherwise occur due to seepage, surface absorption and
through evaporation in gravity flow condition
particularly in open channel flow.
Introduction (cont’s)
Water pumps
Wastewater pumps
Well pumps
Sump pumps(used to remove water that has accumulated in a
water-collecting sump basin, commonly found in the basements of homes)
Samplingpumps
Drum pumps(used to empty barrels, tanks)
Classification based on the principle by
which energy is added to the fluid
A hydraulic pump is a
mechanical source of power
that converts mechanical
power into hydraulic energy
Submersible pumps.
Elevation
above the mean sea level, or actual
atmospheric pressure at specified location
Density and viscosity of the fluid
Temperature of the fluid
Friction
loss in suction pipe and well loss
(entrance and formation loss, if applicable)
Air-bubbling point of the liquid
Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal
pump is a
rotodynamic
pump that uses a
rotating impeller
to increase the
pressure of a
fluid. Centrifugal pump with an electrical motor
Centrifugal Pumps (cont’d)
Impeller,
Casing or volute
Shaft,
Bearings and
Seals
Centrifugal Pumps
This machine consists of an
IMPELLER rotating within a case
(diffuser)
Impeller
Vanes
“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller
NPSHA NPSHR
patm,abs pvap
zsl hL NPSHR
patm,abs pvap
zsl hL NPSHR
patm,abs pvap
hL NPSHR zsl
Where
D1 = initial diameter of the impeller
D2 = diameter of the impeller after changes
This second set of affinity laws strictly applies only to radial-flow
pumps.
Power Requirement
Power requirement in pumping can be expressed as follows:
Where
P = power requirement, in watt (W) m = mass of fluid delivered, inkg
QT = total discharge for the time t, in m3
ρ= density of fluid, in kg/m3 (∼1,000 kg/m3 for normal water) g =
acceleration due to gravity (∼9.81 m/s2)
H = total head of water, in m
t = pumping period, in seconds ,
Q =QT/t = discharge rate, m3/s
CHANGING BOTH PUMP ROTATIONAL SPEED AND PUMP IMPELLER
DIAMETER
The effect on pump performance for a given change in pump speed
and pump impeller diameter can be estimated from the
relationships below:
Power Requirement(cont…)
Let the efficiency of the electric motor to be used is Em, then the
motor size or capacity would be
Pm = (Q × ρ× g × H)1/Em
Where Pm = motor capacity, in W
If the density of water, ρ= 1,000 kg/m3, g = 9.81 m/s, then the
above equation can be written as Pm = (Q × 9.81 × H) × 1/Em [kW]
Units of other elements will be same as mentioned earlier. 1
kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 W
Kilowatt can be converted into horse power by the relation: 1 kW=
1.341 hp
Pumps Connected in Series and Parallel
Multiple pumps can operate in series or parallel. Pumps
placed in parallel provide additional flexibility in the
range of flow rates. When pumps are connected
together in series (or multi staged), the total flow (GPM)
will stay the same, while the pressures generated by the
pumps will be additive. When pumps are connected in
parallel, the pressure stays the same, while the flow
volume is additive.
Pumps Connected in Series and Parallel
SERIES PARALLEL
Head
Discharge
Pumps operation and maintenance
Introduction
Pumping machinery and pumping station are very important
components in a water supply system. Pumping machinery is
subjected to wear, tear, erosion and corrosion due to their nature of
functioning and therefore are vulnerable for failures.
Generally more number of failures or interruptions in water supply
are attributed to pumping machinery than any other component.
Therefore, correct operation and timely maintenance and upkeep of
pumping stations and pumping machinery are of vital importance to
ensure uninterrupted water supply.
Wear and tear is the normal degradation of an asset from ongoing usage, even when it is being properly maintained. Wear and tear gradually
reduces the value of an asset.
OPERATION OF THE PUMPS
Important points as follows shall be observed while operating the
pumps.
a)Dry running of the pumps should be avoided.
b)Centrifugal pumps have to be primed before starting.
c)Pumps should be operated only within the recommended range on
the head-discharge characteristics of the pump.
Ifpump is operated at point away from duty point, the pump
efficiency normally reduces.
Operation near the shut off should be avoided, as the operation
near the shut off causes substantial recirculation within the
pump, resulting in overheating of water in the casing and
consequently, in overheating of the pump.
OPERATION OF THE PUMPS (cont,,,)
d)Whether the delivery valve should be opened or closed at the time
of starting should be decided by examining shape of the power-
discharge characteristic of the pump.
Normally the pumps used in water supply schemes are of low and
medium specific speeds. Hence, such pumps need to be started
against closed delivery valve.
The pumps of high specific speed draw more power at shut off. Such
pumps should be started with the delivery valve open.
e) The delivery valve should be operated gradually to avoid sudden
change in flow velocity which can cause water hammer pressures.
OPERATION OF THE PUMPS (cont,,,)
f) When the pumps are to be operated in parallel, the pumps should
be started and stopped with a time lag between two pumps to
restrict change of flow velocity to minimum and to restrict the dip
in voltage in incoming feeder.
When the pumps are to be operated in series, they should be started
and stopped sequentially, but with minimum time lag. Any pump,
next in sequence should be started immediately after the delivery
valve of the previous pump is even partly opened. Due care should
be taken to keep the air vent of the pump next in sequence open,
before starting that pump.
OPERATION OF THE PUMPS (cont,,,)
g)If any undue vibration or noise is noticed, the pump should
be stopped immediately and cause for vibration or noise be
checked and rectified.
h)Frequent starting and stopping should be avoided as each
start causes overloading of motor, starter, contactor and
contacts. Though overloading lasts for a few seconds, it
reduces life of the equipment
UNDESIRABLE OPERATIONS(cont,,,,)
Following undesirable operations should be avoided.
i)Operation at Higher Head
The pump should never be operated at head higher than
maximum recommended. Such operation results in excessive
recirculation in the pump, overheating of the water and the
pump.
ii) Operation at Lower Head
If pump is operated at lower head than recommended
minimum head, radial reaction on the pump shaft increases
causing excessive unbalanced forces on shaft which may
cause failure of the pump shaft.
UNDESIRABLE OPERATIONS (cont,,,,)
iii)Operation on Higher Suction Lift
If pump is operated on higher suction lift than permissible
value, pressure at the eye of impeller and suction side falls
below vapour pressure. This results in flashing of water into
vapour. These vapour bubbles during passage collapse
resulting in cavitation in the pump, pitting on suction side
of impeller and casing and excessive vibrations. In addition
to mechanical damage due to pitting, discharge of the
pump also reduces drastically
UNDESIRABLE OPERATIONS(cont,,,,)
iv)Operation of the Pump with Low Submergence
Minimum submergence above the bellmouth or foot valve is
necessary so as to prevent air entry into the suction of
the pump which gives rise to vortex phenomenon causing
excessive vibration, overloading of bearings, reduction in
discharge and efficiency.
v) Operation with Occurrence of Vortices
If vibration continues even after taking all precautions,
vortex may be the cause. All parameters necessary for
vortex-free operation should be checked.
MAINTENANCE OF PUMPS
Lack of preventive and timely maintenance or poor
maintenance can cause undue wear and tear of fast moving
parts, and premature failure of the equipment. Such
premature failure or breakdown causes immense hardship
to the consumers and staff, and avoidable increase in
repair cost.
Daily Observations and Maintenance
Daily Maintenance
Clean the pump, motor and other accessories.
Check coupling bushes/rubber spider.
Check stuffing box, gland etc.
MAINTENANCE OF PUMPS
Routine observations of irregularities
The pump operator should be watchful and should take appropriate action on any irregularity
noticed in the operation of the pumps. Particular attention should be paid to following
irregularities.
Changes in sound of running pump and motor
Abrupt changes in bearing temperature.
Oil leakage from bearings
Leakage from stuffing box or mechanical seal
Changes in voltage
Changes in current
Changes in vacuum gauge and pressure gauge readings
Sparks or leakage current in motor, starter, switch-gears, cable etc.
Overheating of motor, starter, switch gear, cable etc.
Exercises on pumping station
1.Determine the net positive suction head available at the
pump inlet from the following data: suction head = 5 m
friction loss = 1 m, vapor pressure of the liquid at water
temperature = 0.5 m, barometric (or atmospheric) pressure
at pump level = 10 m.
2. A centrifugal pump has been installed to a depth of 35 m.
The pump is discharging 0.0708 m3/s of water. Determine
the capacity of the motor to operate the pump.
Assume motor efficiency of 82%, discharge velocity of
water = 2.0 m/s, friction loss = 5% of discharge head.
Exercises on pumping station(cont,,,)
3. A submersible pump lifts 70,500 l of water/h against a total head of
25 m. Determine the power requirement to lift the water in (i)
kilowatt, and (ii) horse power.
4. In a wheat growing area, the cultivable land is 80 ha and wheat will
be cultivated to all of the lands. The permissible interval between
two irrigations at peak period is 15 days and the depth of irrigation
required for that particular soil & agro-climatic region at peak period
is 6.0 cm. If the total head for pumping is 25 m, pump efficiency is
85%, motor efficiency is 80%, and the maximum allowable operating
period of the pump is 16 h/day, determine:
a)The pump capacity required for that command area,
b)Capacity of the motor
Exercises on pumping station(cont,,,)
5. Maize crop of 20 ha is to be irrigated from a submergible
pump. The maximum permissible interval between two
irrigations at peak period is 12 days and the depth of each
irrigation is 60 mm. If the maximum allowable operating
period of the pump is 10 h/day, determine the pump
capacity to meet the water demand of the farm.
Exercises on pumping station(cont,,,)
6. In a residential area having population of 2,000 and
expected population growth rate of 5%, the average daily
water demand per capita is 100 l/day. Projecting for a
time period of 30 years, determine the required capacity
of the pump to satisfy the water demand of that area.
Assume that the pump can be operated 8 h/day at its
maximum. If the pump is installed at 25 m below the
ground surface, the velocity head of the flowing water is
1.5 m/s, friction loss in the discharge pipe and within
pump casing is 10% of the discharge head, determine the
optimum size of the motor to operate the pump.
Exercises on pumping station(cont,,,)
7. Four pumps are connected in series, each one pumping 30
GPM at 25 PSI. What is the total output in flow volume and
pressure?
8.Four pumps are connected in parallel, each one pumping 30
GPM at 25 PSI. What is the total output in flow volume and
pressure?
9. The diameter of a centrifugal pump, which is discharging
0.03 m3/sec of water against a total head of 20m, is 0.40 m.
the pump is running at 1500 RPM. Find the head, discharge
and the ratio of powers of a geometrically similar pump of
diameter 0.25m when it is running at 3000 RPM.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
SYSTEM DESIGN
Sprinkler irrigation
Uniform application by “artificial rain”
Good application efficiencies (0.7 – 0.8)
dependent on wind, temperature, humidity
Fairly terrain independent (but design must take
terrain into account)
Can have a low labour content
But
High(ish) investment cost
High maintenance cost due to pumping
Can be complex to run
Sprinkler irrigation: Criteria
Must permit cost recovery within one to two
years (and double investment in a short time)
Must be suitable for use on small and irregular
shaped plots
Must require only simple maintenance and
tools
Have a low risk of component failure
Be simple to operate
Be durable and reliable – able to withstand
rough and frequent handling without serious
damage
Sprinkler irrigation: System layout
Main components
(ii) Tubings
(iii) Couplers
A good sprinkler
distribution profile will
have a greater depth of
application near the
sprinkler head and the
profile will decrease in
a reasonably uniform
rate to the most
distance point of throw
Spray pattern
The area watered by each
sprinkler must overlap
substantially the area watered
by the adjacent sprinkler.
• This overlap may seem like a
waste at first, but it is a very
important necessity.
• Without this overlap it would
be impossible to design
sprinkler systems that
provided uniform water
coverage.
Spray pattern: Variation in pressure
Sprinklers release enormous
amounts
of water using pressures (2to
4 bar).
Low-pressure sprinklers can
further reduce energy by
increasing irrigation efficiency.
High-pressure impact
sprinklers throw
small water droplets into the
air in a concentrated stream.
Variation in pressure
Classification based on the portability
(i) Portable system
Where :
dnet: Readily available moisture or net depth of water
application per irrigation for the selected crop (mm).
FC: Soil moisture at the permanent wilting point
(mm/m)
RZD: The depth of soil that root exploit effectively (m)
P: The allowable portion of available moisture
permitted for depletion by the crop before the next
irrigation.
Sample worked out
1. An experiment showed that a rapessed crop gave the optimum yield when two
irrigations of 5 cm depth each were applied. The crop received a effective
rainfall of 9.5 cm during the crop period. The average soil water content at
sowing and at harvesting of the crop were 21.32 and 14.25 per cent
respectively. The root zone of the crop was 75cmand the bulk density of the soil
was 1.49g/cm3. estimate the water requirement of the crop. (Ans. 27.4cm)
2. Estimate the available soil water holding capacity of a soil in centimeters in
60cm soil profile from the following data:
Soil depth (cm) Field capacity (%) PWP (%) Bulk density (g/cm3)
Equation 2:
Volume of water to be applied (m3) = 10xAxd
Where:
A: Area proposed for irrigation (ha)
d = Depth of water application (mm)
Example 1
The following soil and crop data are provided: Area to be
irrigated = 18 ha Soil: medium texture, loam Crop: Wheat with
peak daily water use = 5.8 mm/day Available moisture (FC-
PWP) = 140 mm/m P = 50% or 0.5 RZD = 0.7 m Soil infiltration
rate = 5-6 mm/hr Average wind velocity in September = 10
km/hr Average wind velocity in October = 11 km/hr What is
the maximum net depth of water application?
Equation 4: dnet
dgross
E
Where:
Q 10 xAxdgross
1 xNsxT
Where:
Q : System capacity (m3/hr)
A: Design area (ha)
dgross: Gross depth of water
application (mm)
I: Irrigation cycle (days)
Ns: Number of shifts per day
T: Irrigation time per shift
(hr)
Preliminary system capacity (cont’d)
Q 2780 Axdgross
FxHxE
Where:
Q : System capacity(litres per second)
A: Design area (ha)
dgross: Gross depth of water application (cm)
F: Number of days allowed for the completion of
one irrigation
H: Number of actual operating hours per day
E: water application efficiency, per cent
6. The set time (Ts)
The next step is to determine the set time (Ts) which is the time
required for each set of sprinkles operating at the same position
and in order to deliver the gross irrigation depth, and establish
whether it is acceptable.
Equation 6: Ts dgross
pr
Where:
Ts = Set time (hr)
Pr = Sprinkler precipitation rate (mm/hr)
Discharge of a sprinkler
The discharge of individual sprinkler depends on the
spacing of laterals, spacing of sprinklers in each lateral as
well as application rate. It can be computed:
Where;
q=discharge of individual sprinkler , liter/sec
Sl=sprinkler spacing along the lateral, m
Sm=lateral pipe spacing along the main, m
I=water application rate , cm/hr
7. System capacity
Equation7:
Q = Nc x Ns x Qs
Where:
2. Allowing 1hr for moving each 186 meter sprinkler line described
in the above example, how many hours would be required to apply
5cm irrigation to a square 16hactares field? How many days are
required assuming 10hours days?
Where
Q=nozzle discharge, m3/sec
A=area of the nozzle or orifice, m2
G=acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/sec2
H=pressure head at the nozzle, m
C=coefficient of discharge (0.80-0.95)
Sprinkler nozzle
Water spread area of the sprinkler
For rotating head sprinkler, are covered by a
sprinkler is given:
Where,
R=radius of wetted area covered by a
ssprinkler, m
d=nozzle diameter, m
h=pressure head at the nozzle
Rate of application
The average rate of application of a single sprinkler
can be computed as:
Where
Ra = water application rate, cm/hr
Q= discharge of individual sprinkler,
lit/sec
A=wetted area of the sprinkler, m2
9. Computing Friction Loss
A pipeline with outlets has a lower friction loss than a
conveyance pipe because the velocity decreases with
distance along the pipe.
To correct for the effect of outlets, a multiple outlet
factor, F is used. The value of F is one, for pipelines
without outlets.
Major losses or head loss due to friction may be
computed from the following formulae:
Darcy-Weisbach formula
Hazen Williams formula
Manning's formula
Combined Darcy-Weisbach and Colebrook-
White equation
Darcy- Weisbach equation:
f = “friction factor”
L = length of pipe
D = diameter of pipe
The Darcy-Weisbach equation
Example –
A pipe with dia. = 0.15 ft, length = 200 ft and
friction factor, f, = 0.1 is to carry a flow of 10
gal/min (0.022 ft3/min) from point 1 to point 2.
Elevation difference between point 1 and 2 = 25
ft. Determine the “head” a pump must provide
to deliver this flow. “Head” provided by the
pump must be the sum of the elevation + friction
head loss. (assuming that velocity and pressure
in the pipe are constant)
First calculate frictional head loss:
Note: V = Q/A
Q=AV=(1/n)(A)(Rh)2/3S1/2
Where:
Q=flow rate (cms)
A=wetted cross-sectional area (m2)
Rh=Hydraulic Radius=A/WP (m)
WP=Wetted Perimeter (m)
S=slope (m/m) 198
TDH=(hf + ho + hs + hr) m
Where:
hf=pressure head drop due to friction in lateral line+ pressure head
drop due to friction in main line + pressure head changes due to
elevation of land surface (-/+)+ friction head loss through fittings
such as bends, joints etc.
ho: Operating pressure head required at nozzle (m)
hs: Total static head (m) and
hr: Height of riser (m)(depends on crop height)
10. Power requirement
Equation 10:
BHP QXTDH
273xXEp
KW QXTDH
360xEp
Irrigation
Theory and
Practice,
2nd Edition
SPRINKLER
PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
Performance terms
measure how close
an irrigation event is
to an ideal one.
An ideal or a reference
irrigation is one that can
apply the right amount of
water over the entire area
of interest without loss.
Irrigation performance Objectives
To identify the causes of irrigation inefficiencies
To identify the problem/weak point of irrigation
management
To diagnose the water management standard of the
irrigation project
To determine the main principles leading to an
improvement of irrigation performance
Purposes
where
Q is the discharge rate
ω is the density of water (1b/ft3)
H is the head of water (ft) [here, head
indicates the velocity head]
“550” is the factor to convert “ft-lb/s” to
horse power
In SI unit, the above formula can be expressed as
where
“Input power” in Kilowatt
Q = discharge rate (m3/s)
H = head of water (m)
Catch can test set-up
A catch can test is only one of the
tests we perform when we conduct
a water audit.
A catch can test can serve several purposes including:
Clogging of drippers
Chemical precipitation
Salt accumulation at wetting
front
ADAPTABILITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle
irrigation and involves dripping water onto
the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour)
from a system of small diameter plastic
pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or
drippers. Water is applied close to plants so
that only part of the soil in which the roots
grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler
irrigation, which involves wetting the whole
soil profile.
ADAPTABILITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
(con’t)
These valves may be installed at any point where possibility exists for
excessively high pressures, either static or surge pressures to occur.
A bye pass arrangement is simplest and cost effective means to avoid
problems of high pressures instead of using costly pressure relief
valves.
Laterals
Laterals distribute the water uniformly along their length by means
of drippers or emitters.
These are normally manufactured from LDPE and LLDPE.
Generally pipes having 10, 12 and 16 mm internal diameter with
wall thickness varying from 1 to 3 mm are used as laterals.
Emitters / Drippers
These are fixed along with the line, i.e., the pipe is cut and
dripper is fixed in between the cut ends, such that it makes a
continuous row after fixing the dripper.
They have generally a simple thread type or labyrinth type flow
path. Such types of drippers are suitable for row crops.
Inline tubes are available which include inline tube with
cylindrical dripper, inline tubes with patch drippers, or porous
tapes or biwall tubes.
They are provided with independent pressure compensating
water discharge mechanism and extremely wide water passage to
prevent clogging.
In-Line Drippers or Inline tubes
ETC = ET x P/85
Where:
ETc: is average evapotranspiration rate for crops under trickle irrigation;
P: is the percentage of the total area shaded by crops;
ET: is the conventional evapotranspiration rate for the crop. E.g. If a
mature orchard shades 70% of the area and the conventional ET is 7
mm/day, the trickle irrigation design rate is: 7/1 x 70/85 = 5.8 mm/day
OR use potential transpiration,
Tp = 0.7 Epan where Epan is the evaporation from the United States
Class A pan.
Design of emitters
Consist of fixed type and variable size types.
The fixed size emitters do not have a mechanism to compensate
for the friction induced pressure drop along the lateral while the
variable size types have it
Emitter discharge may be described by:
Where
Q: Is the emitter discharge- l/h
K: is constant for each emitter (Emitter discharge coefficient)
h: is pressure head at which the emitter operates (Pressure (Head) at the
emitter's inlet – m)
x: is the exponent characterized by the flow regime (Emitter discharge
exponent).
The exponent x can be determined by measuring the slope of the log-
log plot of head Vs discharge.
With x known, K can be determined using the above equation.
Emitter discharge variability is greater than that of sprinkler
nozzles because of smaller openings (lower flow) and lower
design pressures.
Where
Eu is emitter uniformity; Cv is manufacturer's coefficient of
variation(s/x ); n is the number of emitters per plant.
Application efficiency for trickle irrigation is defined as:
Spacing and flow rates for trickle systems are primarily related to
the soil conditions and also the type of crop are considered
because some crops may have big aerial part other not or many
roots other not.
Where:
Ii is irrigation interval (days)
ETc is crops evapotranspiration (mm/day) and
Idn is the gross irrigation depth of each irrigation expressed in
(mm).
Emitter discharge and duration of application
The basic formula for power requirement (Kw or HP), calculations is provided below:
A = area (ha)
Lp = pivot length (m) Rg= end-gun radius (m)
Example: the area irrigated by a 400 m long Center-Pivot
with an end-gun radius of 40m. By replacing in the above
formula 60.8 ha will be irrigated
5.8.2.2 hours per pivot revolution @ 100% TIMER.
Tr = (0.105 x Lt)/Vt
Where
Tr = hours per revolution (hr.)
Lt = distance to last tower (m)
Vt = last tower speed (m/min.)
Example:
Where:
D = depth of water applied (mm) Qp= pivot flow-rate
(m3/hr)
Tr = hours per revolution (hrs.)
Lp = pivot length (m)
Rg= end-gun radius (m)
Example:
Depth of water applied by the above pivot. Flow-
rate is 240 m3/hr. Last tower speed is 0.75
m/min (25% timer).
D = 21.3 mm
5.8.2.4 Required flow for a given center-pivot sprinkler
Where:
Qe= sprinkler flow-rate (lpm)
Ls = distance to sprinkler (m)
Qp= Center-Pivot flow-rate (m3/hr)
Le = sprinkler spacing (m)
Lp = length of lateral (m)
Rg = end-gun wetting radius (m)
Example:
The flow-rate required by a sprinkler located 250m
from the pivot point, if the Sprinkler spacing is 5m.
Center-Pivot flow-rate is 240 m3/h.
Where:
Ia = average application-rate (mm/hr.) Ls = distance to
sprinkler (m)
Qp= Center-Pivot flow-rate(m3/hr)
Lp = length of lateral (m)
Rg = end-gun wetting radius (m) Ld = sprinkler throw
diameter (m)
Example:
The average application-rate at the distance of
250 m from the pivot point. System flow-rate is
240 m3/hr and sprinkler coverage diameter is
18 m.
Ia = 34.4 mm/h
5.8.2.5 Required system flow
Where:
Qs = system flow-rate (m3/hr/ha)
ETp = peak evapo-transpiration (mm/day)
Tp = pumping hours per day
Ea = water application efficiency (decimal)
Example:
The required system flow-rate when the
peak crop water requirement is 8 mm/day,
water application efficiency is 90% and the
system can be operated 18 hours per day.
Qs = 4.9 m3/hr/ha is required.
5.8.2.6 Power required (kw)
Where:
P = power (kW)
Qp = system flow-rate (m3/hr)
H = head that the pump has to generate (m)
Ep = pump efficiency (decimal)
Example:
P = 52.3 kW
5.8.2.7 Nozzle or non-regulated system flow-rate with
changing pressure
Q1 = 22.35 lpm
UNIT 6: MISCELLANEOUS (FERTIGATION AND
FERTILIZER INJECTORS, AUTOMATIC
PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM)
6.1 FERTIGATION AND FERTILIZER
INJECTORS
6.1 FERTIGATION AND FERTILIZER INJECTORS
6.1.1 Fertigation
6.1.1.1 Introduction and definition
Fertigation is the technology of applying nutrition
elements via the irrigation water by injection of fertilizer
solutions into the irrigation system. Contemporary
fertigation technology emerged at the sixties of the 20th
century, following the introduction of commercial drip
irrigation. Prior to that era, direct application of nutrition
elements to the water had been implemented only in
hydroponics growing systems.
6.1.1.1 Introduction and definition
Types of Automation :
A-Time-based system
In this system, time is the basis for operation. The basic
objective is to prepare a schedule based on crop water
requirements. The operation sequence will be set by user
as desired.
B-Volume-based system
In this type, every section will receive the preset volume
of water. This is possible with the help of following two
methods:
A- Time based control
Controller for 1 single (built in) or several electric valves
Hydraulic +Electric control hydraulic control
B- Volume based control
In this type, every section will receive the preset volume of water. This is possible with the help of following 3
methods:
1-electronic control
Remote-controlled Dial
6.2.6 Control Patterns
Two basic types of control patterns that are applied in
irrigation systems:
Open control loop systems that implement only a preset
action.
THANKS
Exercises
1.Determine the net positive suction head available at the pump
inlet from the following data: suction head = 5 m friction loss =
1 m, vapor pressure of the liquid at water temperature = 0.5 m
barometric (or atmospheric) pressure at pump level = 10 m
2. A centrifugal pump has been installed to a depth of 35 m. The
pump is discharging 0.0708 m3/s water. Determine the capacity
of the motor to operate the pump.
Assuming that:
motor efficiency of 82%.
discharge velocity of water = 2.0 m/s
friction loss = 5% of discharge head
3.A submersible pump lifts 70,500 l of water/h
against a total head of 25 m. Determine the power
requirement to lift the water in (i) kilowatt, and
(ii) horse power.
4. Compute the time required to irrigate a square
area of 4 ha to a depth of 5cm with two movable
laterals 200 m long each fitted with 16 sprinklers at
an interval of 13 m on each lateral. A sprinkler
applies 1.25 cm of water per hour and the laterals
are spaced at 20 m interval. Five hours are required
to move the lateral each time.