The Discipline of Communication

The Discipline of
Communication
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It focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to

create meaning in various settings (from two person groups to
mass audiences) across nations using a diverse sets of networks
and media.
The discipline is especially interested in the influence of those

messages on human behavior.
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Communication as a discipline includes the study of

communication in interpersonal relationships, groups,
administrations and across cultures etc.
Communication focuses on the process of clearly expressing and

understanding ideas in written, verbal, nonverbal and
multimodal forms.

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A key component of the Communication discipline involves the

understanding and analysis of linguistic or communication
contexts (ex. Audience, purpose, genre and style) and the
development of suitable and effective responses.

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It is a process in which information is encircled in a package and

is channelled and conveyed by a sender to a receiver via some
medium.
The receiver then interprets the message and gives the sender a
response.
All forms of communication require a sender, a message and an
intended recipient.

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Communication requires that all parties have an area of

communicative commonality. There are auditory means such as
speech, song, and tone of voice and there are nonverbal means
such as:
• body language
• sign language
• touch
• eye contact

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Through media such as:

 Pictures
 Graphics
 Sound
 Writing

Why do we communicate?
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We Communicate to Persuade
It means that we want someone to do something and this desire

of ours is communicated.
Ex. - a mother patting a crying child,

- advertising model
- politician during campaign rally

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We Communicate in order to Give or Provide Information
Ex,
- a teacher demonstrating a research
- News
- Books

7 Major Elements of
Communication Process
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(1) Sender:
The person who intends to convey the message with the

intention of passing information and ideas to others is known as
sender or communicator.

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(2) Ideas:
This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an

opinion, attitude, feelings, views, orders, or suggestions.

14
(3) Encoding:
Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and

intangible, its further passing requires use of certain symbols
such as words, actions or pictures etc. Conversion of subject
matter into these symbols is the process of encoding.

15
(4) Communication Channel:
The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the

channel for sending the required information, ideas etc. This
information is transmitted to the receiver through certain
channels which may be either formal or informal.

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Examples:
 Spoken words
 Radio
 TV
 Internet
 Written like books, magazines or letters

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(5) Receiver:
Receiver is the person who receives the message or for whom the
message is meant for. It is the receiver who tries to understand
the message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired
objectives.

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(6) Decoding:
The person who receives the message or symbol from the

communicator tries to convert the same in such a way so that he
may extract its meaning to his complete understanding.

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(7) Feedback:
Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received

the message and understood in the same sense as sender meant
it.
It helps the sender to determine how the receiver interpreted the
message and how it can be improved.

Levels of Communication
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Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal communication is also known as self-talk or
thinking, and refers to the ways we communicate with ourselves.
We use intrapersonal communication to plan our lives, rehearse
scenarios before we act them out, and tell ourselves what to do
or not do.

22
The way we communicate with ourselves greatly affects our self-

esteem.
A person who tells himself, "I'm so stupid" when he fails an exam
will likely have poorer self-esteem than someone who thinks,
"I did really well on the previous four exams. I must have just
been having an off day, and I'll do better next time."

23
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the communication we have

with other people. This type of communication varies from highly
impersonal to extremely personal. The degree to which we
communicate, or fail to communicate, with others influences how
our relationships with them develop, continue or come to an end.

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Having good interpersonal communication skills support such

processes as:
 parenting
 Intimate relationship
 Management
 Selling
 Counseling
 Coaching
 Mentoring and conflict management

25
Group Communication
Refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that

are between 3 to 12 individuals. Small group communication
generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal
communication with social clustering.

26
Public Communication
Public communication refers to public speeches that we deliver

in front of audiences. Public communication serves three main
purposes: to entertain, to persuade and/or to inform. It is
different from other forms of interaction in that it requires greater
levels of planning and preparation on the part of the speaker and
involves less direct interaction.

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Audience members still interact with the speaker via mostly

nonverbal symbols, but there is a lesser degree of give and take
than there is in one-on-one conversations.

28
Mass Communication
Mass communication refers to any type of media that is used to
communicate with mass audiences. Examples of mass media
include books, television, radios, films, computer technologies,
magazines and newspapers.
Although mass communication does include certain computer

technologies, it does not include technologies like email that are
used to communicate one-on-one with someone.

29
Mass communication is responsible for giving us views of events,

issues and people from cultures that differ from ours.
It enables us to learn what is going on in distant places in the

world and lets us learn the viewpoints of people and cultures
with whom we do not have direct contact.

Effective Communication
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Effective communication occurs when a desired effect is the

result of intentional or unintentional information sharing, which
is interpreted between multiple entities and acted on in a desired
way.
This effect also ensures the message is not distorted during the
communication process. Effective communication should
generate the desired effect and maintain the effect, with the
potential to increase the effect of the message.

32
Therefore, effective communication serves the purpose for which

it was planned or designed. Possible purposes might be to elicit
change, generate action, create understanding, inform or
communicate a certain idea or point of view.
When the desired effect is not achieved, factors such as barriers

to communication are explored, with the intention being to
discover how the communication has been ineffective.

Barriers to effective human
Communication
34
Barriers to effective communication can retard or distort the

message and intention of the message being conveyed which
may result in failure of the communication process or an effect
that is undesirable.
These include filtering, selective perception, information

overload, emotions, language, silence, communication
apprehension, gender differences and political correctness

35
This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate"

communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or
complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a
situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient.

36
Physical barriers
Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment.
An example of this is the natural barrier which exists if staff are
located in different buildings or on different sites.
Likewise, poor or out-dated equipment, particularly the failure of

management to introduce new technology, may also cause
problems. Staff shortages are another factor which frequently
causes communication difficulties for an organization.

37
Whilst distractions like background noise, poor lighting or an

environment which is too hot or cold can all affect people's
morale and concentration, which in turn interfere with effective
communication.

38
System design
System design faults refer to problems with the structures or
systems in place in an organization.
Examples might include an organizational structure which is

unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know who to
communicate with.

39
Other examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information

systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in
roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain
about what is expected of them.

40
Attitudinal barriers
Attitudinal barriers come about as a result of problems with staff

in an organization.

41
These may be brought about, for example, by such factors as

poor management, lack of consultation with employees,
personality conflicts which can result in people delaying or
refusing to communicate, the personal attitudes of individual
employees which may be due to lack of motivation or
dissatisfaction at work, brought about by insufficient training to
enable them to carry out particular tasks, or just resistance to
change due to entrenched attitudes and ideas.

42
Ambiguity of words/phrases
Words sounding the same but having different meaning can

convey a different meaning altogether. Hence the communicator
must ensure that the receiver receives the same meaning.
It is better if such words are avoided by using alternatives

whenever possible.

43
Individual linguistic ability
The use of jargon, difficult or inappropriate words in

communication can prevent the recipients from understanding
the message.
Poorly explained or misunderstood messages can also result in

confusion. However, research in communication has shown that
confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.

44
Physiological barriers
These may result from individuals' personal discomfort,

caused—for example—by ill health, poor eyesight or hearing
difficulties.

45
Presentation of information
Presentation of information is important to aid understanding.
Simply put, the communicator must consider the audience

before making the presentation itself and in cases where it is not
possible the presenter can at least try to simplify his/her
vocabulary so that the majority can understand.

46

47
Group PERFORMANCE TASK

Role Play:
Think of any forms or channels in

communication process wherein you can
convey the message of “Love”.

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The Discipline of

It focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to

The discipline is especially interested in the influence of those

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

Communication as a discipline includes the study of

Communication focuses on the process of clearly expressing and

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

A key component of the Communication discipline involves the

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

It is a process in which information is encircled in a package and

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

Communication requires that all parties have an area of

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

Through media such as:

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It means that we want someone to do something and this desire

Ex. - a mother patting a crying child,

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We Communicate in order to Give or Provide Information

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The person who intends to convey the message with the

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This is the subject matter of the communication. This may be an

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Since the subject matter of communication is theoretical and

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(4) Communication Channel:

The person who is interested in communicating has to choose the

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More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

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The person who receives the message or symbol from the

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Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received

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The way we communicate with ourselves greatly affects our self-

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Interpersonal communication is the communication we have

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Having good interpersonal communication skills support such

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Refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that

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Public communication refers to public speeches that we deliver

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Audience members still interact with the speaker via mostly

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Although mass communication does include certain computer

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Mass communication is responsible for giving us views of events,

It enables us to learn what is going on in distant places in the

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Effective communication occurs when a desired effect is the

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Therefore, effective communication serves the purpose for which

When the desired effect is not achieved, factors such as barriers

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Barriers to effective communication can retard or distort the

These include filtering, selective perception, information

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This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate"