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Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: CEE 331 April 27, 2019
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: CEE 331 April 27, 2019
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: CEE 331 April 27, 2019
and Similitude
CEE 331
April 27, 2019
Force parameter
Mass (inertia) r
______
Viscosity m
______
Gravitational ______
g
Surface Tension ______
s
Elasticity ______
E
Pressure Dp
______
Dependent variable
Inertia as our Reference Force
F M
F=ma F ra f ra f 2 2
LT
Fluids problems (except for statics) include
a velocity (V), a dimension of flow (l), and a
density (r)
Substitute V, l, r for the dimensions MLT
l
M rl 3
Ll T
V
Substitute for the dimensions of specific
2
force V
f r i
l
Viscous Force
M l
fg L2T 2 Ll T M rl 3
Cg Cg V
g L
T 2 V2
fi r
l
M Cg r
Cg 3
L
V2
fi r l
fi V 2
Fr
V
fg rg
f g gl gl
Froude number
Pressure Force
M l
fp L2T 2 Ll T M rl 3
Cp Cp V
p M
LT 2 V2
fi r
l
1
Cp Cp
1
L l
V2
r 2Dp
fi l f i rV 2 Cp
rV 2
fp p fp p
l
Pressure Coefficient
V2
Dimensionless Parameters fi r
l
rVl V
Reynolds Number Re fu m
m l2
V
Froude Number Fr fg r g
gl
V 2 lr s
Weber Number W fs
s l2
V E
Mach Number M
c
f Ev
l
2 Dp r g Dz Dp
Pressure Cp f Dp
rV 2 l
2Drag Drag
Drag Coefficients C d 2 f drag 3
rV A l
Problem solving approach
D
f Cp
0.05
0.04
l 0.03
0.02
e
friction factor
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
D
laminar
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.01 smooth
Examples
spillways
channel transitions
weirs
Important Forces
inertial forces
V
gravity: from changes in water surface elevation Fr
viscous forces (often small relative to inertial forces) gl
Minimum similitude requirements
geometric rVl
Froude number Re
m
Cp is independent of Re
V Frp
Fr Frr = 1
gl Froude similarity Frm
Qr L5r / 2 100,000
20,000 m 3 s
Qm 0.2 m 3 s Re and roughness!
100,000
Ship’s Resistance
2Drag e
C f , Re, Fr
rV A
2 d
l
Reynolds and Froude Similarity?
Reynolds Froude
1 1 Vr
1 r rVr Lr Water is the only Frr
Re r g r Lr
mr practical fluid 1
Vr L r
1
1
Vr 1
Lr
Lr
Lr = 1
Lr
(2.5m / s )0.6m
Vm Vm = 25 m/s
0.06m
Example: Valve Coefficient
(Reduce Vm?)
What could we do to reduce the velocity in
the model and still get the same high rVl
Re
Reynolds number? m
VD
Decrease kinematic viscosity Re
Use a different fluid
Use water at a higher temperature
Example: Valve Coefficient
0.367 x10 m / s (2.5m / s )0.6m
6 2
Vm = 6 m/s
Vm
1.52 x10 m / s 0.06m
6 2
Approximate Similitude at High
Reynolds Numbers
High Reynolds number means ______
inertial
forces are much greater than _______
viscous
forces
Pressure coefficient becomes independent
of Re for high Re
2Dp
Cp
rV 2
1
1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06
Dimensional analysis:
enables us to identify the important parameters in
a problem
simplifies our experimental protocol (remember
Saph and Schoder!)
does not tell us the coefficients or powers of the
dimensionless groups (need to be determined from
theory or experiments)
guides experimental work using small models to
study large prototypes
end
NYC population
10,000,000
population
1,000,000
100,000
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
year
Supply Aqueducts and Tunnels
Catskill Aqueduct
Shandaken Tunnel
Delaware Tunnel
Neversink Tunnel
10 km
Flow Profile for Delaware
Aqueduct
Rondout Reservoir
(EL. 256 m) 70.5 km
West Branch Reservoir
(EL. 153.4 m)
p1 V12 p2 V22
1 z1 H p 2 z2 Ht hl
Sea Level 2g 2g
http://ogee.hydlab.do.usbr.gov/hs/hs.html
Hoover Dam Spillway
A 1:60 scale
hydraulic model
of the tunnel
spillway at
Hoover Dam for
investigation of
cavitation
damage
preventing air
slots.
http://ogee.hydlab.do.usbr.gov/hs/hs.html
Irrigation Canal Controls
http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cypress.html
Spillways
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
Kinematic Viscosity (m /s) Kinematic Viscosity of Water
2.0E-06
2
1.5E-06
1.0E-06
5.0E-07
0.0E+00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)