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Copper: (Project Presentation)
Copper: (Project Presentation)
(PROJECT PRESENTATION)
GROUP MEMBERS:
row transition series of element. The element has an atomic number of 29, an atomic mass of 63, two
main oxidation states (+1 and +2) and two naturally occurring isotopes (63Cu and 65Cu), with
abundances of 69.17% and 30.83%. Copper was used long before 10,000 years ago. These materials
have assumed important roles in modern technology, because of their number and properties.
Copper is costly than iron and steel but often possess certain properties or combinations or
highly resistant to corrosion in severe environments such as the ambient atmosphere, seawater, and
some industrial chemicals. The mechanical and corrosion-resistance properties of copper may be
procedures; accordingly, cold working or solid-solution alloying must be used to improve the mechanical
properties. Copper and copper-based alloys, retaining an appropriate arrangement of physical properties
copper. Pure copper is rarely found in nature, but is usually combined with other chemicals in the form
of copper ores. The most copper ores known are sulfide ores in which the copper is chemically bonded
with sulfur. Others are known as oxide ores, carbonate ores, or mixed ores depending on the chemicals
present. Copper is synthetically extracted from ores. The most common sulfide ore is chalcopyrite,
CuFeS2 , also known as copper pyrite or yellow copper ore. Chalcocite, Cu 2 S, is another sulfide ore.
Cuprite, or red copper ore, Cu2O, is an oxide ore. Malachite, or green copper ore, Cu(OH) 2 •CuCO3 , is
of mining, the material located above the ore is first removed. These ores are then passed through
application.
They are then re-melted along with some other metals to make brass and bronze products. They are rolled to
• Billets are cylindrical logs about 8 in (20 cm) in diameter and several feet (meters) long.
They are extruded or drawn to make copper tubing and pipe. After passing through refining furnace, they are
usually cast into long lengths, which are coiled. This coiled material is then drawn down further to make copper
wire.
Alloys of Copper:
Copper is generally combined with other metals to form alloys.
Brass:
Zinc is the most commonly used alloying element. This Alloy is manufactured to overcome softness,
• Yellow in color.
Cartridge Brass (70% Cu and 30%Zn):
• Red in color.
• Provides the best combination of strength and ductility and best for sheet-forming operations. These high
Zn brass have poor Cold working properties; they deform easily at elevated temperatures.
Leaded Brass:
For high machinability 2 or 3% Lead is added to the brass. Brass casting alloys are most commonly used in
They have good fluidity during pouring and low melting points. An alloy having 50-55% Copper and remaining
2) It’s strength increases as Tin is added to about 20% but high percentage of tin in alloys tend to be brittle.
Aluminum Bronzes:
It contains 93% Cu and 7% Al gives high strength and corrosion resistance, 8% less Al alloys are usually ductile
but when it exceeds 9%, the ductility falls and hardness approaches to that of steel.
Phosphor Bronzes:
Tin bronzes as they are sometimes called, contain between 0.5% and 11% tin and 0.01% to 0.35% phosphorous. Tin
increases their corrosion resistance and tensile strength; phosphorous increases wear resistance and stiffness.
Silicon Bronzes:
They contain less than 20% zinc and up to 6% silicon and are solid solution strengthened. Silicon red brasses are
used for valve stems where corrosion resistance and high strength are critical. Silicon bronzes are used to make
Alloys of Copper and Nickel. It is formed by Cu + Ni (2-30%). Copper and Nickel exhibit complete solubility.
They have:
• They have good resistance to stress corrosion cracking and corrosion resistance and seawater.
Uses:
• Heat exchangers
• Cookware
• Coinage
Nickel Silvers:
Nickel silvers do not contain silver but 10-30% Nickel and 5% Zinc, used for ornamental applications and musical
instruments.
Applications of Copper:
Copper and Copper alloys are use in an immense range of applications. Some of them include:
Architectural
Cooking utensils
Electrodes
Heat exchangers
Refrigeration tubing
Plumbing
Advantages:
1) The main benefit is that it has high thermal and electrical conductivity due to which can be used in various
fields of life.
3) It is easily obtainable.
4) The reason why copper is highly versatile is due to its malleability and ideal for various applications _For
1) Copper is being unreliable as a bonding agent and is not suitable for complex wiring.
3) Copper wire is susceptible to electromagnetic interference, potentially leading to some devices working
improperly.
4) Copper wires are preferred to use in high-tech automotive parts and semiconductors because of its lack