New Family Names

Old Family New Family Common

Name Name Family Name
Compositae Asteraceae Daisy
Cruciferae Brassicaceae Mustard/Cabbage
Graminae Poaceae Grass
Labiatae Lamiaceae Mint/Nettle
Palmae Arecaceae Palm
Umbelliferae Apiaceae Parsley/Celery
Guttiferae Clusiaceae St. John’s Wort
Leguminosae Fabaceae Bean
Part III: Value of Natural Products
1. They provide a
number of extremely
useful drugs that are
difficult, if not
impossible, to
produce
commercially by
synthetic means:
• Example: Antibiotics
 Value of Natural Products
2. Natural sources
also supply basic
compounds that
may be modified
slightly to render
them more
effective or less
toxic:
• Example:
Morphine
Value of Natural Products
H3C COOH
COOH COOH
Ibuprofen
HO H3 C O

Salicylic Acid Aspirin

CH3

CH3

3. Their utility as prototypes or models for

synthetic drugs possessing physiologic
activities similar to the originals.
 Value of Natural Products
4. Some natural products contain compounds
that demonstrate little or no activity
themselves but which can be modified by
chemical or biological methods to produce
potent drugs not easily obtained by other
methods

Baccatin III  Taxol/paclitaxel (pacific yew

tree)
Part IV: Steps in the Preparation of Plant
for Commercial Market

1. Collection – when the part of the plant

that constitutes the drug is highest in its
content of active constituents.
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
●Rules in the Collection●
Leaves – before they are fully expanded
Flower – as the flower are beginning to open
(buds are preferred) – before pollination
Under ground organs – as the aerial parts die
down
Barks – after the period of damp weather
Seeds – fully matured/ripened
Fruits – before or after the ripening period
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
Gums, gum resins – dry
weather

NOTE:
Leaves, Flower & Fruits
should not be collected
when covered with dew
or rain.
Never use plant
part/samples attacked by
insects.
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
2. Harvesting – Hand Labor and Mechanical
Device
3. Drying
– Removal of moisture;
– To ensure good keeping qualities;
– Prevent molding, action of bacteria and action of
enzymes;
– It fixes the constituents;
– Facilitates grinding and milling; and
– Easy transport.
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
Methods of Drying
• Natural • Artificial
–Air Drying –oven- 40°C to
–Sun Drying 60°C
–Shade Drying
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
• Advantages of Artificial heat
More rapid
Helps the flower and leaves retain their color
and aromatic drugs their aroma

• General Rule
Leaves, herbs & flowers 20-40°c
Barks & roots 30-60°C
 Steps in the Preparation of Plant for
Commercial Market
4. Garbling – removal of extraneous
matter such as plant parts, dirt and
added adulterant.

5. Packaging, Storage and

Preservation – addition of few
drops CHCl3 and CCl4, Exposure to
65°C (easiest) Fumigation with
Methyl bromide
 Chapter 15: Deterioration of Stored
PRIMARY FACTORS
Drugs
• Moisture – activated enzymes; growth of
microorganisms
• Containerized shipment – due to excessive
condensation of moisture to the inner metal
walls.
• Increase temperature – lead to loss of volatile
constituents.
 Chapter 15: Deterioration of Stored
Drugs
• Direct sunlight –
decomposition of
certain
constituents.
• Oxygen – assists
resinification of
volatile oils and
rancidification of
fixed oils.
 What is Extraction?
• Extraction is the separation of
medicinally active portions of
plant/animal tissues using
selected solvents through
standard procedures.
Methods of Extraction
Maceration- soak in a solvent for specific
period of time
Infusion - macerating the crude drug for a short
period of time with cold or boiling water
Digestion- gentle heat is used during the
process of extraction
Decoction- boiled in a specified volume of water
for a defined time
Percolation - tinctures and fluid extracts
Distillation - separating substances from a
liquid mixture by evaporation and condensation
Expression - raw materials are pressed,
squeezed or compressed and the essential oils are
collected
 Methods of Extraction
• Maceration

• Infusion

• Digestion
 Methods of Extraction

Distillation

Decoction
 Solvents Commonly Used for
Extraction
 Petroleum Ether - fats, fixed oils, waxes,
pigments, resins
 Ether - alkaloids, resins, glycosides, coumarins*,
fatty acids*
 Chloroform - same as Ether, terpenoid lactones*
 95% alcohol - glycosides, tannins, saponin, resin
 Acetone – hydrophillic and lipophillic
components, phenolics, tannins
 Solvents Commonly Used for
Extraction
80% alcohol - Same as 95% alcohol
preferred in phytochemical screening
Water - glycosides, sugar, salt, gum
mucin, protein
1% HCl - alkaloids, salt of veg. acid
5% NaOH - Pentosans and hemicellulose
Dichloromethanol – selective extraction
of terpenoids
 Methods for Separation
1. Paper Chromatography - water soluble
constituents like carbohydrates, amino
acids.
 Methods for Separation
2. Thin layer Chromatography - lipid
soluble constituents like fats, fixed oils,
waxes, chlorophyll.
 Methods for Separation
3. Gas Liquid Chromatography -volatile
compounds like HC, terpenes, fatty
acids.
 Methods for Separation
4. High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography- for non-volatile
compounds
 Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
1. Organoleptic Test -
organs of sense-
color, odor, taste,
texture.

2. Microscopic -
microscopic
characteristics.
 Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
3. Biologic - animals, microorganism-
pharmacologic activity.

Assay on Assay on Digitalis Assay on Atropine Assay on pyrogens

VIT. D
Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
4. Chemical - color reaction; chemical
constant.
5. Physical - solubility, specific gravity,
optical rotation, refractive index,
congealing point, melting point, water
content
 Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
6. Instrumental
- UV-VIS Spectroscopy -
plant pigments
- IR Spectroscopy - finger
printing device
 Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
- Mass Spectroscopy - molecular
weight
 Methods of Identification and
Evaluation
- NMR Spectroscopy - structural
formula
 Plant Growth Regulators
• Plant Hormones or ________.
– are “physiological intercellular messengers”.
– secreted in response to environmental
factors such as excess nutrients, drought,
light, temperature and chemical/physical
stress.
 Plant Growth Regulators
2 Classes:
–Exogenous regulators
–Endogenous regulators
 Plant Growth Regulators
• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins
• Ethylene
• Abscisic acid
Auxins - “auxein” to grow (roots)
Cytokinins – mitosis, morphogenesis
Giberrellins - cell elongation
Ethylene – fruit ripening
Abscisic Acid (ABA) – growth inhibitor,
natural detachment
 Other regulators:
Brassinosteroids: cell division,
elongation, prevents abscission
Salicylic acid: promotes flowering,
enhances its longevity
Jasmonates: growth and
development inhibitor