A P P T O N

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. Neeraj Sharma reporter:XX
Gaurav Kumar
HOD 7th sem. , 4 the year(ME)
Dept. Of mechanical engineer Roll no: 15ERLME007
ing
Rajdhani Engineering college J
aipur
 CONTENTS
COMPRESSORS
PUMP
BOILERS
TURBINES
COMPRESSORS
INTRODUCTION AND F
UNCTION

CLASSIFICATION

.
INTRODUCTION AND FUNCTI
ON
COMPRESSOR
• It is a power absorbing device.
• It handles gases only(generally air).
• It increases the pressure and temperature of the working fluid.
• It compresses the fluid used and thus increases the density also.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPRESSORS
 Reciprocating compressors
• Reciprocating compressors use piston driven by a crankshaft.
• They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or
multi-stage and can be driven by electric motors or internal com
bustion engines.
• Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower are
commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for i
ntermittent duty.
• Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW)
are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applicatio
ns .
 Centrifugal compressors
• Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a circular s
haped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing t
he velocity of the gas.
• A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pre
ssure energy.
• They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries
such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural
gas processing plants.
Contd.
• Centrifugal compressors are axisymmetric, rotodynamic,power absor
bing turbo machines in which air enters in axial direction (parallel to t
he axis of rotation) and leaves the compressor in radial direction.
• As the air enters the compressor, it is accelerated towards the blade i
nside the inlet casing.
• When air enters the impeller, there occurs a static pressure rise as we
ll as Kinetic energy rise because of energy gained by air from the dyna
mic blade movement.
• The kinetic energy gained by air is converted into pressure inside diff
user section.
Contd.
• This effect is known as reaction effect or diffuser effect.
• The blade width of centrifugal compressor is kept as decreasing from
inlet to outlet, because of the fact that from inlet to outlet ,density in
creases along with the diameter and mass flow has to be constant.
• The flow type inside the impeller blade is similar to forced vortex flo
w, but the flow type within the diffuser region will be similar to free v
ortex flow.
 Problems in compressors
• Slip
• Under ideal conditions when the number of blades in a compressor is
infinite, it's assumed that the fluid particles follow the exact blade pr
ofile having no deviation.
• But in real, because of the pressure differential existing in blades, flui
d flow deviates from its path which is guided by blades towards the a
ctual path.
• This deviation of fluid from ideal to actual path is termed as slip.
• Due to slip pressure head developed, decreases.
fig: Centrifugal compressor
 PUMP
• A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases ).
• It is a hydraulic machine that converts mechanical power into water po
wer.
• sometime slurries, by mechanical action.
• Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid:
• direct lift
• displacement
• gravity pumps
 Centrifugal pump
• Principle of working
• When a certain mass of fluid is rotated about a centre of rotation the
n increase in head takes place in radially outward direction due to ce
ntrifugal effect in radially outward direction.
• This increase in head will be proportional to the square of the distanc
e from the centre of rotation
• Before starting rotation inside the pump, it's ensured whether the cas
ing and suction pipe is completely full of water or not.
• If not then water is added to remove air pockets. This process is know
n as priming.
fig: Centrifugal pump
 Working
• Due to rotation of impeller, high pressure and kinetic energy is transf
erred to the water and water starts moving in radially outward directi
on due to which partial vaccum is generated at the eye of impeller wh
ich attracts water from the sump and flow continues.
Positive displacement pumps
• A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a
fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into
the discharge pipe.
• Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on
the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
• Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side exp
ands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity
collapses.
• The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
Impulse pumps
• Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas
(usually air).
• In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the
liquid (usually water) is released and accumulate
d somewhere in the pump.
• creating a pressure that can push part of the
liquid upwards.
 BOILER
• boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water)
is heated.
• The fluid does not necessarily boil.
• The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in
various processes or heating applications, including
• Water heating
• central heating
• boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation
 TURBINE
• A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts en
ergy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
• The work produced by a turbine can be used for gener
ating electrical power when combined with a generator
• A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving
part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum
with blades attached.
• Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and
impart rotational energy to the rotor.
 .
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