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Microgrids and The Grid Interaction
Microgrids and The Grid Interaction
Microgrids and The Grid Interaction
Transformers
and
conductors
can now be
oversized
(remember
this aspect
for PEV and
PHEV
integration)
Microgrid’s area
5 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid development. Initial normal power flow direction
Directional
Relay
• Is it possible to
change the grid’s
state fast enough to
prevent voltage
collapse due to loss
of stability caused by Directional
the sudden load Relay • What microgrid’s
changes introduced control action
by the microgrid? follows?
• Can the microgrid
stop injecting power
back into the grid
(i.e. prevents
islanding)?
Microgrid’s area
7 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid operation. Islanding.
• If islanding occurs
the microgrid will
continue to provide
power to a portion of
the grid even though
the grid connection
upstream has been
interrupted.
CERTS microgrid (ac) NTT Facilities Sendai project (ac and dc)
9 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• dc microgrids integration with the grid
• The interface may or may not allow for bidirectional power flow.
Bidirectional power flow can be needed for:
•`Energy storage
• dc loads
- Motivated by needs in
availability improvements
“The NETL Modern Grid Initiative A VISION FOR THE MODERN GRID”, US DOE
12 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
The smart grid concept
• There are many views of what is In reality, a smart grid is not a single
concept but rather a combination of technologies and methods intended
to modernize the existing grid in order to improve flexibility, availability,
energy efficiency, and costs.
• Passive
transmission and
distribution.
• Lack of flexibility
• Vulnerable
• Addition of communication
systems
• Flexibility issues
• Somewhat more robust
15 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Smart grid evolution: Future
• Distributed operation
and control
• Active distribution
network (distributed local
generation and storage).
• Integrated
communications
• Flexible
• More robust
16 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Smart grids
• Technologies and concepts:
• Distributed energy resources (generation and storage) are
fundamental parts. They provide the necessary active characteristics
to an otherwise passive grid.
• Intelligent metering.
• Grid modernization.
17 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
The Power-Net
• DOE view for a smart grid:
- “An electrical grid is a network of
technologies that delivers
electricity from power plants to
consumers in their homes and
offices.”
M B.T
Buffer Link Maximum
size bandwidth (delay) time
W P.T
Ultracapacitors
or flywheels
(power buffer)
VS.
• Renewable sources do not have lifelines but they are not dispatchable,
they are expensive, and they require large footprints.
Monitoring points