Process theories

Motivation
Expectancy theory
By
Victor Vroom
Motivational force
Reinforcement theory

Operant conditioning and behaviorism

Variables involved in reinforcement
theory

 Stimulus
elicits a behavioral response
 Response
some measure of job behavior
 Consequences
Positive or negative, immediate or long term
 Any event that increases the
probability of a behavior is called
reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
 Schedules of Reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement is a program, or

rule that determines how and when the
occurrence of a response will be followed by a
reinforcer
 Reinforcement schedule
continuous & intermittent

Interval schedule Ratio schedule

Time Responses

 Fixed interval schedule  Fixed ratio schedule

 Variable interval  Variable ratio

schedule schedule
 Interval schedules

Reinforcement occurs after a certain amount of time

has passed
 Fixed Interval

 Reinforcement is presented after a fixed

amount of time
 Variable Interval

 Reinforcement is delivered on a
random/variable time schedule
 Ratio schedules
 Reinforcement occurs after a certain number of
responses
 Fixed Ratio

 Reinforcement presented after a fixed # of

responses
 Variable Ratio

 Reinforcement delivery is variable but based

on an overall average # of responses
Goal-setting theory of
motivation
A theory of motivation based on directing
one’s effort toward the attainment of
specific goals that have been set or
established.
Locke and Latham (1990
Goal-setting theory:
Assumptions

 People behave rationally

 The relationship among goals, intentions, and
task performance
 Conscious ideas regulate a person’s actions
 Goals are what the individual is consciously
trying to attain related to future objectives
 Challenging and Smart Goals
 Specific
 Measureable
 Attainable
 Realistic
 Time bound
Self Regulation Theory of
Motivation

A theory of motivation based on the

setting of goals and the receipt of
accurate feedback that is monitored to
enhance the likelihood of goal
attainment
 Self Regulation

 Goal and purpose

 Self efficacy
 Directed behavior
 Self control
 Monitoring and evaluation
 Feed back
 Modification and adjustment
Work design theory of motivation

A theory of motivation based on the

presence of dimensions or characteristics of
jobs that foster the expenditure of effort
 Job Enrichment

It is a process of designing jobs to enhance

individual motivation to perform the work
 Core job dimensions
 Skill variety the number of different activities, skills, and talents the
job requires
 Task identity the degree to which a job requires completion of a
whole, identifiable piece of work—that is, doing a job from
beginning to end, with visible results
 Task significance the job’s impact on the lives or work of other
people, whether within or outside the organization
 Autonomy the degree of freedom, independence, and discretion in
scheduling work and determining procedures that the job provides
 Task feedback the degree to which carrying out the activities
required results in direct and clear information about the
effectiveness of performance
 Critical psychological states
 The experienced meaningfulness of work is
high when the job involves skill variety, task
identity, and significance
 The experienced responsibility for work
outcomes is influenced mainly by the amount of
autonomy
 Knowledge of results of work activities is a
function of feedback
 Assignment

 Empirical tests of the theories

 Evaluation of the theories