GUIDED BY- PROF. K.M.

PANDEY
SUBMITTED BY-
SREEDEEP MOHANTA ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
M.TECH 1ST SEMESTER
SCHOLAR NO.- 18-22-111

DATE- 11/11/2018
PLACE- NIT SILCHAR 1
 TOPICS COVERED
 Basic definition of high temperature materials.
 History of high temperature materials in brief.
 Operating condition of HTR and properties.
 Properties of different alloys used at high temperatures.
 Applications of high temperature materials.
 High temperature materials used in industries.
 Future scopes and further research scopes.

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 BASIC DEFINITION
 Defined based on their application temperature with
respect to the materials melting temperature.
 High temperature Materials are the metal or alloy which
allows operation at high temperature normally above
1000°F (540°C).
 Current operating temperatures in various applications can
vary up to 4000oC.

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 HISTORY OF HIGH
TEMPERATURE
MATERIALS
 Founded as the Electrothermics in 1921.
 Electrodes, Carbons; Carbides, Abrasives, Refractories; Ferro-
Alloys; and Electrometallurgy were covered by
electrothermics.
 In 1954 for the first time importance was given for the
development of high temperature materials.
 In 1982 its name was changed as electrothermics and
Metallurgy Division.

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OPERATING
CONDITION OF HTR
AND PROPERTIES
 Operate in environments with a wide spectrum of mechanical
and chemical conditions.
 Operating stress can vary from very low stress levels , to high
stresses.
 Operational stress has a major influence on temperature
capability.
 On the basis of the Tu / Tm factor a material can be considered
as weather it is a high temperature material or not.

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 Solid solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening are
the commonly used technique for strengthening of high
temperature materials.
 Both theoretical knowledge and application of empirical
experimental techniques are required for the development of
new materials.
 The alloys are composed of grains of regular crystalline arrays
of atoms and show usable ductility and toughness when one
plane of atoms slips controllably over the next.
 Metallic Materials Systems includes mainly super-alloys,
stainless steel, eutectic alloys, and refractory alloys.
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 OXIDATION AND
CORROSION
 In addition to possessing strength, high-temperature alloys
must resist chemical attack.
 Attack is characterized by a simple oxidation of the surface.
 Hot corrosion is also a major problem.
 Most significant problem remains that of resistance to
oxidation and high-temperature corrosion in present heat
engines.
 Coating is a method used to combat these problems.

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PROPERTIES OF
DIFFERENT ALLOYS
There are four major types of alloys that are used in high
temperature applications:-
 Super-Alloys.
 Stainless Steel Alloys .
 Refractory Alloys .
 Eutectic Alloys.

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SUPER-ALLOYS
 High-temperature alloys also must be resistant to chemical
attack by the atmosphere in which they exist.
 Protection from the atmosphere is achieved by causing the
material to develop a tough diffusion-resistant oxide film
 Super-alloys serve under tough conditions of mechanical
stressing and atmospheric attack
 They can serve over 1100°C.
 Used in modern aircraft jet engines.

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 STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS
 Stainless steels are strengthened principally by carbide
precipitations and solid solution strengthening.
 their use is limited to about 650°C

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 REFRACTORY ALLOYS
 Refractory metal alloys are based on elements that have
extremely high melting points .
 Used for applications where material melting temperature is
above 1650°C.
 Tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum and niobium are common
refractory alloys.
 Commercially not very much used due to difficulty in
manufacturing.

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 EUTECTIC ALLOYS
 In study since 1960.
 They are usually similar to or based on super-alloys
 Needle-like structure gives unusual strength.
 Cost is higher so not used in industrial applications.

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APPLICATIONS OF HTR
Applications of high temperature materials and their advantages
are many to name few industries like-
 Aerospace industry (Aircraft jet engines).
 Power plants (Industrial gas turbines).
 Nuclear reactors.
 Electronic devices etc.
 They are also used in man other industries like automobile
industries , oil and natural gas industries etc.

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IN AIRCRAFT JETS
 Component performance in this sector is primarily determined
by mechanical properties
 The key driving forces for engineering materials development
in the aerospace and space industry are weight reduction and
increased temperature capability.
 Aluminum, titanium, nickel alloys, and ceramics—and
composite materials are normally used.
 The main driving force for improving the high temperature
capabilities of aluminum alloys is replacement of much heavier
Ti alloys or even steels.
 Metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix
composites (CMC) are used in aircraft jets. 14
 IN INDUSTRIAL GAS
TURBINES
 New generation turbine blades are also required to survive
temperatures up to 1300OC.
 With increase in temperature efficiency increases.
 Gas turbines have been widely utilized in aircraft engines and
power generation.
 Special steels, titanium alloys and super-alloys are used for
construction of gas turbines.
 Coating technology has become an integral part of
manufacture of gas turbine engine components.
 combination of high level of mechanical properties and
excellent resistance to oxidation or hot corrosion resistance
could be achieved by coating. 15
IN NUCLEAR REACTORS
 Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for
electricity generation and in propulsion of ships.
 Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) loosely covers any
reactor design with a coolant outlet temperature of 1000 °C
or above.
 Iron and nickel oxide dispersion strengthened alloys provide
suitable high-temperature behavior.
 Refractory based metals such as molybdenum and tungsten
are suitable above 1100 °C.
 Development of new material coatings for the VHTR are also
required as with increasing temperature oxidation attack also
increases. 16
IN ELECTRONIC DEVICES
 High temperature electronics (HTE) can be defined as
electronics that can sustain their operating temperature above
125°C.
 Aircraft, spacecraft, automotive industries use HTE.
 Use of HTE reduces strength of various euipments.
 SiC has emerged as a very promising semiconductor in HTE
devices.
 GaAs is the next most commonly used semiconductor after Si
 Diamond is also a semiconductor which melts at
approximately 3827OC but its stability depends on ambient
condition so not widel y used.

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 FUTURE SCOPES
 Major efforts are underway to develop light-weight, high-
temperature composite materials at various parts of the world
for use in aircraft parts.
 Temperatures as high as 1650°C is anticipated .
 Development of new CMC and MMC are also underway .
 Work on the field of Refractoriness and refractory coatings for
high temperature furnaces are also underway.
 Cost effective high temperature materials can be a major
breakthrough in increasing efficiency of various components.
 Better refractory materials that can withstand very high
temperatures, erosion, and corrosion are also required.
 There should not be any compromise with the Quality of the
newly developed metals. 18
 REFERENCES
 High-temperature materials- a general review G. W. MEETHAM Rolls-Royce plc, P.O. Box
31, Derby, DE2 8BJ, UK.
 http://what-when-how.com/materialsparts-and-finishes/high-temperature-materials/
 High-Temperature, High-Strength Materials — An Overview by R. L. Fleischer.
 H. W. Bennett,Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 1974 (1983) 149
 G. W. Meetham,Met. Technol. 11 (1984) 414
 Peters M. and Leyens C. (2003). Titanium and Titanium Alloys, pp. Weinheim: VCH-Wiley.
[Comprehensive book on fundamentals and applications of Tti and its alloys.]
 High temperature materials for aerospace applications. Stephen D. Antolovich,
Esteban P. Busso, Peter Skelton & Jack Telesman
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor.
 Forsberg, Charles. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “Advanced High-Temperature Reactor
Website.”
 Advanced Composite Material for Aerospace Application-a Review Mohammad Arif, Dr.
Mohammad Asif, and Dr.Israr Ahmed
Mechanical Engineering Department, OPJS University, Rajasthan.

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THANK YOU

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