ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC GENERATOR

PREPAREDBY
Eugene H. Embalzado Jr., ECE
 INDEX
S.r no Topic Name

1 INTRODUCTION

2 PRINCIPLE OFOPERATION

3 CONSTRUCTION

4 WORKING

5 CLASSIFICATION

6 APPLICATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
• The Device which Converts the Mechanical Energy
into Electrical Energy is calledGenerator.
• There are Two types of Generators
1. D.C Generator:- The Generator which converts the
Mechanical Energy into D.C Form of Electrical
Energy is called D.CGenerator.
2. A.C Generator:- The Generator which converts the
Mechanical Energy into A.C Form of Electrical
Energy is called A.CGenerator.
• Both of the Generator Works on the Principleof
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• In 1831, Michael Faraday, an English physicist gave
one of the most basic laws of electromagnetism
called Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
CONSTRUCTION
• Important Parts of D.CGenerator
1. YOKE
2. POLES
3. FIELD WINDING
4. ARMATURE
5. COMMUTATOR,BRUSHES and GEAR
6. BEARINGS
 YOKE
• Yoke is also called as frame. It provides
protection to the rotating and other
parts of the machine from moisture, dust
etc.
• Yoke is an iron body which provides the
path for flux
• It provides the mechanical support for
the poles.
• Materials used for yoke are cast iron,
silicon steel, cast steel, rolled steel etc.
POLE
• Pole produce the magnetic flux
when the field winding isexcited.

• Materials used for Pole is cast steel

or cast iron.

• Pole is a Part on Which

Field Winding is Wound
Over.
FIELD WINDING
• The field winding is also called as
exciting winding.
• Current is passed through the field
winding in a specific direction ,to
magnetize the pole.
• The metal is used for the field
conductor is copper.
ARMATURE CORE

•All these slots are parallel to the

shaft axis.
•Armature conductor are placed in
these slots.
•Armature core provides a low
reluctance path to the flux produced
by the field winding.
•Cast steel or cast iron are used for
the armature core.
COMMUTATOR
• The commutator converts
the alternating emf
generated internally in aD.C.
voltage .

• It collects the current from

the armature conductors
and passes it to the external
load via brush.
ROTOR
• The Rotor is the moving part of a
D.C. generator.

• The rotor rotates because the

wires and magnetic field of the
motor are arranged so that a
torque is developed about the
rotor’s axis.
WORKING of DCGENERATOR
• The Dc Generator Converts Mechanical Energyinto
Electrical Energy.
• In this DC Generator the Single Turn Alternator isused.
• The Coil can Rotate in Clockwise orAnticlockwise
Direction.
• The Commutator Brush is Connected to theCoil.
• Commutator is Divided into Two Parts A and B.
• The Coil is Suspended between the FieldPoles.
• The Coil is Given the Mechanical Energy which Resultsin
the Rotation of it.
• As the Commutator Segments A&Bis Connected with
Conducting Coil ab and cd Respectively they Rotate
Together.
• Due to Which the Flux is Produced Resulting in the
Generation of Electric Current.
• As the Commutator has the Property ofConverting
the Bidirectional Emf(AC) into Unidirectional Emf
(DC) .

• The DC Current is Generated by the DC Generator.

• Which can Directly Used by Connecting the Output

across the Load or it Can be stored inatteries andCan
be used Later on.
GENERATION OF AC VOLTAGE
• AsShown in Fig the Coil is in Rotating Form.
• The EMF is Generated by Rotation of Coil.
• In this Fig A,B,C and D is used to Describe the
Position of the Coil.
• When the Coil is stationary theEMF
Generated is Null.
• When the Coil Rotates at 90 Degree asShown
in Fig B.The Flux is Generated resulting in the
AC Voltage at Output.
• When the Coil Reaches at C the Half Cycleof
the Rotation is Complete .
• When the Coil Rotates Further another Half
Cycle of Sine wave is Generated .
• The Efficiency of the DC Generator can be
Increased by Combining Two or More Number
of Coils at Same Time.
• Which Will Result in Attaining 360 Degreesat
only One Rotation of theCoil
CLASSIFICATION
Separately Excited DC Generator

Ia = Armature current

IL = Load current

V = Terminal voltage

Eg = Generated emf

Voltage drop in the armature = Ia × Ra (R/sub>a is the

armature Resistance)

Let, Ia = IL = I (say)

Then, Voltage across the load, V = IRa

3
Power generated, Pg = Eg×I
 Self Excited DC Generator

These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by the
current supplied by themselves.

In these type of machines field coils are internally connected with
the armature. Due to residual magnetism some flux is always present

in the poles.

When the armature is rotated some emf is induced. Hence some

induced current is produced. This small current flows through the

field coil as well as the load and thereby strengthening the pole flux.

4
As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more
armature emf, which cause further increase of current
through the field. This increased field current further
raises armature emf and this cumulative phenomenon
continues until the excitation reaches to the rated value.

5
According To The Position Of The Field Coil DC
Generator Has A Three Type

1)Series Generator
2)Shunt Generator
3)Compound
Generator

6
 Series Generator

In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series
with armature conductors.

So, whole current flows through the field coils as well as the load.
As series field winding carries full load current it is designed with
relatively few turns of thick wire.

The Electrical resistance of series field winding is therefore very low

(nearly 0.5Ω ).

7
Let
,
Rsc = Series winding resistance
Isc = Current flowing through the series field

Ra = Armature Resistance

Ia = Armature current

IL =Load current

V = Terminal voltage

Eg = Generated emf

Then, Ia = Isc = IL=I (say)

Voltage across the load, V = Eg -I(Ia × Ra)

Power generated, Pg = Eg×I

8
Power delivered to the load, PL = V×I
 Shunt Generator
In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in Parallel with
armature conductors.

In shunt generators the voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage
across the terminal.

Here armature current Ia is dividing in two parts, one is shunt field current Ish
and another is load current IL.

So, Ia= Ish + IL The effective power across the load will be maximum when IL
will be maximum.

So, it is required to keep shunt field current as small as possible. For this
purpose the resistance of the shunt field9winding generally kept high (100 Ω)
and large no of turns are used for the desired emf.
Let
,
Rsh = Shunt winding Resistance
Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field

Ra = Armature Resistance

Ia = Armature current

IL = Load current

V = Terminal voltage

Eg = Generated emf

Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh

Voltage across the load, V = Eg-Ia Ra

Power generated, Pg= Eg × Ia

P1o0werdelivered to the load, P = V×I

L L
 Compound DC Generator

In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly

proportional with load current. In shunt wound generators, output
voltage is inversely proportional with load current. A combination of
these two types of generators can overcome the disadvantages of
both. This combination of windings is called compound wound DC
generator.

Compound wound generators have both series field winding and

shunt field winding.

One winding is placed in series with the armature and the other is
placed in parallel with the armature1.1
Compound Generator Has A two
Type
1)Short Shunt
2)Long shunt

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Short Shunt DC compound Generator

Series field current, Isc = IL

Shunt field current,

Ish = (V + Isc Rsc)/Rsh

Armature current, Ia = Ish + IL

Voltage across the load,

V = Eg - Ia Ra - Isc Rsc

Power generated, Pg = Eg × Ia
13

Power delivered to the load, P =V×I

Long Shunt Compound DC Generator
Shunt field current, I sh =V/Rsh

Armature current, I = series field current,

a Isc=

IL + Ish

Voltage across the load, V=E -I R -I g a a sc Rsc

=E -I (R + R
g a a ) [∴Ia=
sc

Ics ]

Power generated, P = E × I g g a
14

Power delivered to the load, P =V×I L L

In a compound generator, the shunt field is
stronger than the series field. When the series field
assists the shunt field, generator is said to be
commutatively compound generator.

On the other hand if series field opposes the shunt

field, the generator is said to be differentially
compound generator.

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 APPLICATIONS
• Shunt generator:
Lighting loads
Battery charging

• Series generator:
For the arc lamps
As constant current generator
As boosters on D.C. generator
• Separately Exicted generator:
The application of these generator have
limitations , because they need a separate excitation
for the field winding. Some of the application are
electro-refining of materials or electro-plating
• Cumulative compound generator:
Used for domestic lighting
For energy transmission over a long distance.
• Differential compound generator:
• Its important application is electric arcwelding