Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water Conservancy and Carriage Systems
Water Conservancy and Carriage Systems
Water Conservancy and Carriage Systems
SEM 4
Water
z Conservancy and
Carriage Systems
&
Water Distribution
Systems -JAHNAVI J
z
Water Collection Systems
Garbage-It is collected separately, in dust bins and conveyed on hand carts or motor
van once or twice is a day. It may consist of waste matter of both non-combustible as
well as combustible type. The two are therefore sorted out.
Sullage and storm water- They are collected and conveyed separately in closed or
open gutters.
z Conservancy system
Advantages & Disadvantages
z
Advantages
Initial cost is low
Disadvantages
The conservancy system is highly unhygienic and cause insanitary conditions since the excreta starts decomposing within few hours of its
production.
Transportation of night soil takes place in open carts through streets and other crowded localities. This is highly undesirable.
The working of the system depends entirely on the mercy of labour (sweepers). If they go on strike even for one day for any reason whatsoever,
the lavatories can not be used because of foul smell. The whole locality will smell very badly.
The lavatories are to be located outside the house and slightly away from the main building. The compact design is therefore not possible.
Insanitation may be there due to carriage of sullage through open drains laid in the streets.
In the present day world, when man has progressed much, it is highly humiliating to ask human beings to transport night soil in pails on their
heads.
Due to improper or careless disposal of night soil, there are more chances of. outbreak of epidemic.
The liquid wastes from lavatories etc., during their washing, may soak in the ground, thus contaminating the soil. If the ground water is at a shallow
depth, it may also be polluted due to percolation of waste water.
Though the system is quite cheap in the beginning, its maintenance and establishment costs (i.e. recurring expenditure) are very high
Closet proper
Flushing apparatus
House drain-
Soil stack- Vertical pipes carrying the waste from house to the underground pipes
Drain- Underground pipe for draining from the soil pipe and also the waste water from the house or compound to
the sewer. It is laid on a bed of concrete with a sufficient gradient towards the sewer to facilitate easy transit.
Public sewer
These are big underground pipes laid in concrete bed.
Sewers are not less than 22.5cm diameter ,bigger ones may be 2 to 3m in diameter. meant for draining the
sewer from several houses .
Sewer appurtenances
Manholes/ inspection chambers
Traps -These are devices designed to prevent foul gases entering the houses and remove sand ,grit and grease
from sewage.
z
Manholes
The chambers permit a person to enter inside to carry out inspection ,repair
and cleaning activities.
Workers entering the manholes are liable to gas poising asphyxiation
Manholes of the drainage system will generate methane and/ hydrogen
sulphide.
z
z
Water Carriage system
z
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
The system is very hygienic since the night soil and other waste water is conveyed through closed conduits which are not directly exposed to the
atmosphere. There is no bad smell because of continuous flow.
There are no chances of outbreak of epidemic because flies and other insects do not have direct access to the sewage.
The liquid wastes etc. are directly conveyed through the sewers, and therefore there are no changes of the waste water being soaked in the ground
thus contaminating the soil or groundwater
Since the latrines are flushed after every use, excreta does not remain and there are no foul smells. The latrines can therefore be attached to the
living and bed rooms. This permits a compact design.
The labour required for the operation and maintenance is extremely small.(pumping/ blockage cleaning)
The system permits the use of modern methods of treatment of the sewerage collected through the sewers. The treated waste water and sewage can
be safely disposed off without any risk.
Because of treatment facilities, the land required for the disposal of the treated wastewater is very much smaller than· that required for the
conservancy system.
Though the initial cost of installation of the system are very high, the running costs are very small since manual labour is very much reduced.
Disadvantages
During monsoon large volume of sewage is to be treated whereas very small volume is to be treated in the remaining period of the year.
z
Types
There are 2 types of carriage systems
Separate carriage systems- Where the waste water and surface runoff or storm
water are carried in separate pipes. The sewage from the first system of sewers
can be led to the treatment works, while the flow from the second system of
sewers can be discharged directly to natural streams etc. without any treatment.
Smaller pipes, less cost, easy ventilation, No pollution of rain water
Combined carriage systems – Where the rain water and waste is allowed to pass
through the same pipe. The sewage and rain water are carried to the sewage
treatment plant, before its final disposal.
Less maintenance, choking is rare, less smelly
High initial cost, more load, pollution of rain water, difficult ventilation, leakage, problems
of pumping
z
Separate carriage systems
z
z
Water distribution systems
Ring
Radial
Disadvantages
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is not possible due to provision of valves on all branches.
Ring System:
The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads and sub mains branch out from the mains.
Thus, this system also follows the grid iron system with the flow pattern similar in character to
that of dead end system. So, determination of the size of pipes is easy.
Advantages:
Water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions.
z
z
Layouts
Radial System:
The area is divided into different zones. The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept
in the middle of each zone and the supply pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery.
Advantages:
It gives quick service.
Disadvantages
Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes.
z
z
Types and methods
Types-
A single-main system is one in which a single main serves both sides of a
street.
A double-main system, there is a main on each side of the street. One pipe
supplies fire hydrants and domestic service on its side of the street.
Elevated reservoirs
Underground reservoirs
z
Tanks and capacities
Types of tanks
RCC
GI
ESR(elevated storage reservoir/ overhead tanks)
HDPE