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    The Fertile Crescent: 3200 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E

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    Grace Delos Reyes
    The fertile crescent region between 3200 BCE and 500 BCE saw the emergence of some of the earliest complex societies. In particular, the Sumerians created the first cities in Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, which allowed for centralized political and military authority. This led to the formation of city-states that maintained order, supervised agriculture, and engaged in community projects like building canals and temples. Over time, power became increasingly consolidated under monarchs like Sargon of Akkad, the first emperor, and later Hammurabi, who established a code of laws that helped unify his Babylonian empire. Mesopotamian culture and innovations like writing, mathematics, and new technologies then spread out to influence

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    The Fertile Crescent: 3200 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E

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    Grace Delos Reyes
    35 views29 pages
    The fertile crescent region between 3200 BCE and 500 BCE saw the emergence of some of the earliest complex societies. In particular, the Sumerians created the first cities in Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, which allowed for centralized political and military authority. This led to the formation of city-states that maintained order, supervised agriculture, and engaged in community projects like building canals and temples. Over time, power became increasingly consolidated under monarchs like Sargon of Akkad, the first emperor, and later Hammurabi, who established a code of laws that helped unify his Babylonian empire. Mesopotamian culture and innovations like writing, mathematics, and new technologies then spread out to influence

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    The fertile crescent region between 3200 BCE and 500 BCE saw the emergence of some of the earliest complex societies. In particular, the Sumerians created the first cities in Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, which allowed for centralized political and military authority. This led to the formation of city-states that maintained order, supervised agriculture, and engaged in community projects like building canals and temples. Over time, power became increasingly consolidated under monarchs like Sargon of Akkad, the first emperor, and later Hammurabi, who established a code of laws that helped unify his Babylonian empire. Mesopotamian culture and innovations like writing, mathematics, and new technologies then spread out to influence

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    35 views29 pages

    The Fertile Crescent: 3200 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E

    Uploaded by

    Grace Delos Reyes
    The fertile crescent region between 3200 BCE and 500 BCE saw the emergence of some of the earliest complex societies. In particular, the Sumerians created the first cities in Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, which allowed for centralized political and military authority. This led to the formation of city-states that maintained order, supervised agriculture, and engaged in community projects like building canals and temples. Over time, power became increasingly consolidated under monarchs like Sargon of Akkad, the first emperor, and later Hammurabi, who established a code of laws that helped unify his Babylonian empire. Mesopotamian culture and innovations like writing, mathematics, and new technologies then spread out to influence

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    of 29

    Chapter 2:

    The Fertile Crescent


    3200 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E.
    Mesopotamia
    • “The Land Between Rivers”
    • Tigris and Euphrates rivers
    allow transportation,
    steady water supply, and fertile
    land.
    • 1st complex societies. States are formed to create order and solve
    disputes.
    Complex Society
    • ~4,000 B.C.E. Sumerians create the 1st cities.
    • Cities allowed for centralization of military and political authority.
    • They exerted control over surrounding areas (City-States)
    Discussion
    • Give a few examples of centralized power or control. Why would
    it be good to centralize power in a government?
    Role of Early Gov.
    • City states maintained order, supervise agriculture, and provide
    community works
    • *Canals
    • *reservoirs
    • build temples
    • walls
    • defense (recruit, equip, & train military)
    Religion
    • City-States built Ziggurats to house temples

    Anthropomorphic
    Tutelary Gods
    Deities
    (Gods that protect
    (Human Characteristics
    Each city)
    For Animals or Inanimate
    Things)
    Leadership
    • Originally run by groups of elite citizens. In cases of emergency
    power was given to one leader. Gradual Shift toward monarchy.
    • Limited resources led cities to expand.
    • Sargon of Akkad is the first Emperor
    • Leads Akkadians to conquer cities, destroy their walls and put
    them under his admin.
    • As he expands
    • Better military
    • More troops
    • Controls trade routes for taxes
    • Akkadian bronze of Sargon
    • This stern-faced, life-size cast-
    bronze head, with its stylized
    ringleted beard and carefully
    arranged hair, shows
    Mesopotamian craftsmanship at
    its finest. It is thought to be either
    Sargon (2371-2316 B.C.E.) or
    Naram-sin (ca. 2250-2220 B.C.E.).
    Hammurabi’s Laws
    • “King of the 4 Corners of the World”
    • King of the Babylonians
    • Made money with taxes rather than conquest.
    • Created a bureaucracy to help him rule from home.
    • Hammurabi a common standard through out his empire with
    laws. This led to a sense of unity.
    • Relied largely on the Law of Retaliation.
    • Punishment for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, sheltering a runaway
    slave, adultery, incest, price regulation, wages, business deals, and
    conditions of slavery.
    • Law Code of Hammurabi
    • The principal collection of laws in
    ancient Mesopotamia was the
    code of Hammurabi, the
    Babylonian ruler. Unearthed by
    French archaeologists in 1901-
    1902, this stele contained the
    code, which Hammurabi claimed
    rested on the authority of the
    gods.
    discussion
    • Why did many people consider Hammurabi “the king of the 4
    corners of the world”? Did he earn the title?
    New Technology
    • City-States led to an increase in trade, travel, classes,
    specialization of labor, and the development of writing.
    • Copper -> Bronze -> Iron
    • Wheels and shipbuilding allowed bigger trade
    networks
    • Chariots increase speed and power
    Mesopotamian Society
    • Patriarchy- a system of society or government in
    which men hold the power and women are largely
    excluded from it

    • Kings, Priests controlled wealth

    • Three Classes of people


    • 1. Free landowning people
    • 2. Dependent farmers and artisans
    • 3. Slaves (POWs, criminals, debtors)
    Cuneiform
    • 1st form of writing
    • Rare, only for educated, most scribes work for the government.
    • Originally for records
    • Allows for the development of culture.
    • Epic of Gilgamesh
    • Laws
    • Math and astronomy
    Expanding Influence - Hebrews
    • Mesopotamian culture spreads to neighbors.
    • Hebrews leave Mesopotamian under Moses borrowing lex
    talionnis and flood story
    • Later develop Monotheism They believe in one god called
    Yahweh that demands exclusive worship.
    • Build distinct
    communities in Judea and
    Palestine believing their fate is tied
    to their faith.
    •
    Expanding Influence - Phoenicians
    • Experts on the sea
    • Live on Mediterranean and become key players in trade networks.
    • Focus on exports rather than crops
    • 1st to create an alphabet where letters represent sounds. (much
    easier to learn)
    Phoenician Alphabet
    Expanding Influence – Indo-Europeans
    • Near Anatolian Plains
    • Relied on horses, 1st to domesticate and ride horses. Made their
    military VERY powerful.
    • The Hittites conquered much of Mesopotamia because they used
    chariots and wheels with spokes.
    Thesis Practice
    • Mesopotamia is often called the "cradle of civilization."
    Why is this?
    • Next weeks readings
    • Mon 40-48
    • Tues 48-58
    • Wed 61-67
    • Thurs 67-77
    • Fri 77-85
    • Weekend 85-96
    • Review thesis statements
    • Parts of the AP test
    • syllabus
    • Notes
    • Hamms code page 46
    • Reading tips
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VroX-_thMLg 0:32- end
    • Thesis practice
    • SPICE CHART summary
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGiQaabX3_o

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