ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN – V

SUBMITTED BY :

 ANSHUMAN VERMA
 ARJUN SINGH
 MUDIT GAUR
 ANSH BISHNOI
 AMAN SRIVASTAVA
 ANIKET SRIVASTAVA
 A truss is essentially a triangulated system of (usually)
straight interconnected structural elements; it is sometimes
also referred to as an open web girder. The individual
elements are connected at nodes; the connections are often
assumed to be nominally pinned.

 The external forces applied to the system and the reactions

at the supports are generally applied at the nodes. When all
the members and applied forces are in a same plane, the
system is a plane or 2D truss.
  Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where
there is a requirement for very long spans, such as in airport
terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and
other leisure buildings. Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads
and are sometimes used as transfer structures. This article
focuses on typical single storey industrial buildings, where
trusses are widely used to serve two main functions:

 TO CARRY THE ROOF LOAD

 TO PROVIDE HORIZONTAL STABILITY.

 Two types of general arrangement of the structure of a
typical single storey building are shown in the figure below.

•Building braced in both

directions.
Lateral stability provided
by longitudinal wind
girder and vertical
bracings in the gables
(blue)
• Longitudinal stability
provided by transverse
wind girder and vertical
bracings (green)
•Lateral stability provided by portal
trusses.
Longitudinal stability provided by
transverse wind girder and vertical
cross bracings (blue)
•No longitudinal wind girder.
 Trusses comprise assemblies of tension and compression elements.
Under gravity loads, the top and bottom chords of the truss provide the
compression and tension resistance to overall bending, and the bracing
resists the shear forces.
 A wide range of truss forms can be created. Each can vary in overall
geometry and in the choice of the individual elements. Some of the
commonly used types are shown below.
  The architectural design of the building determines its external
geometry and governs the slope(s) given to the top chord of the truss.
The intended use of the internal space can lead either to the choice of a
horizontal bottom chord.

For an efficient layout of the truss members between the chords, the
following is advisable:

 The inclination of the diagonal members in relation to the chords

should be between 35° and 55°
 Point loads should only be applied at nodes
 The orientation of the diagonal members should be such that the
longest members are subject to tension (the shorter ones being subject
to compression).
 Commonly used truss member sections are given below in the picture :
 A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can
be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space
frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads
(bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along
the length of each strut.
 The integrated terminal buildings are designed with a number of
structural innovations. The key feature of airport structure is their long
span roof covering with massive column spacing.

 – Commercial and industrial structures

– Auditoriums
– Sky lights
– Canopies
– Toll booths
– Exhibition halls
– Sports stadiums