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Case Control Studies
Case Control Studies
Case Control Studies
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
The cases: This arm is made up of individuals who have the disease or
event of interest.
and then,
Exposed
Disease CASES
Not exposed
Exposed
No disease CONTROLS
Not exposed
Recruiting from same health facility may introduce bias, and thus, you can
recruit from the source population.
Research Question:
Is alcohol consumption a risk factor for developing breast cancer among
women in Kingston?
Case #12: female, Age 24 years; for control, you select a female,
exactly 24 years (or if you are matching to 2 years, the control
could be between 22 and 26 years)
For example, if 40% of the cases are aged 30 years and below,
then 40% of your controls should also be 30 years or below.
Odds ratio =
Odds of exposure among cases ÷ Odds of exposure among controls
Disease A B A+B
No disease C D C+D
Cases 16 92
Controls 7 64
Daniel C. Oshi 21
5/6/2019
Computing the Odds Ratio
Exposure No exposure
Cases 16 92
Controls 7 64
Odds ratio (OR) = Odds of exposure among cases / odds of exposure among controls
= 0.1739/ 0.1094 = 1.59
Daniel C. Oshi 22
5/6/2019
Computing the Odds Ratio
Exposure No exposure
Cases 16 92
Controls 7 64
Compute Odds ratio (OR) = Odds of exposure among cases / odds of exposure among controls
Daniel C. Oshi 23
5/6/2019
Computing the Odds Ratio
Exposure No exposure
Cases 16 92
Controls 7 64
Compute Odds ratio (OR) = Odds of exposure among cases / odds of exposure among controls
OR = 0.1739/ 0.1094
Daniel C. Oshi 24
5/6/2019
Case-control Studies
Strengths:
o Useful with small sample of cases
o Requires less time, money and human resource.
o Good for investigation of rare diseases
o Can be used to investigate multiple exposures
o Used to initially establish association between an exposure and a
disease/ outcome