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The Cardiovascular System: The Heart: Anatomy
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart: Anatomy
The Heart
Anatomy
1
Heart Anatomy
2
Heart Anatomy
3
Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy
Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the
heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous pericardium
2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of
the fibrous pericardium
b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the
surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled
pericardial cavity
4
Coverings of the Heart: Physiology
5
Pericardial Layers of the Heart
6
Heart Wall
9
External Heart: Anterior View
Figure
10
18.4b
External Heart: Posterior View
11
Figure 18.4d
Gross Anatomy of Heart: Frontal Section
Figure
12
18.4e
Atria of the Heart
13
Ventricles of the Heart
14
Myocardial Thickness and Function
15
Thickness of Cardiac Walls
16
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and
Lungs
Right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle
Right ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary arteries lungs
Lungs pulmonary veins left atrium
Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle
Left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
Aorta systemic circulation
17
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and
Lungs
Figure
18
18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 19
Coronary Circulation
20
Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply
21
Figure 18.7a
Coronary Circulation: Venous Supply
22
Figure 18.7b
Heart Valves
23
Heart Valves
24
Heart Valves
Figure2518.8a, b
Heart Valves
Figure2618.8c, d
Atrioventricular Valve Function
Figure
27
18.9
Semilunar Valve Function
Figure
28
18.10
Mitral Valve Prolapse
29
Microscopic Anatomy of Heart Muscle
30
Microscopic Anatomy of Heart Muscle
31
Figure 18.11
The Cardiovascular System:
The Heart
Physiology
32
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Heart muscle:
Is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable
(automaticity)
Contracts as a unit
Has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory period
33
Heart Physiology: Intrinsic Conduction
System
Autorhythmic cells:
Initiate action potentials
Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker
potentials
Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising
phase of the action potential
34
Pacemaker and Action Potentials of the Heart
35
Figure 18.13
Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation
36
Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation
37
Heart Physiology: Sequence of Excitation
38
Figure 18.14a
Heart Excitation Related to ECG
Figure
39
18.17
Electrocardiography
Electrical activity is recorded by electrocardiogram
(ECG)
P wave corresponds to depolarization of SA node
QRS complex corresponds to ventricular
depolarization
T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization
Atrial repolarization record is masked by the larger
QRS complex
40
Electrocardiography
Figure
41
18.16
Extrinsic Innervation of the Heart
Heart is stimulated
by the sympathetic
cardioacceleratory
center
Heart is inhibited by
the parasympathetic
cardioinhibitory
center
42
Figure 18.15
Heart Sounds
43
Cardiac Cycle
44
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
45
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
46
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
47
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Figure
48
18.20
Cardiac Output (CO) and Reserve
50
Regulation of Stroke Volume
51
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
52
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
Makin besar isi jantung sewaktu diastol, semakin
besar jumlah darah yang dipompakan ke aorta.
Dalam batas-batas fisiologis, jantung memompakan
ke seluruh tubuh darah yang kembali ke jantung
tanpa menyebabkan penumpukan di vena.
Jantung dapat memompakan jumlah darah yang
sedikit ataupun jumlah darah yang besar bergantung
pada jumlah darah yang mengalir kembali dari vena.
53
Preload and Afterload
54
Figure 18.21
Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume
55
Extrinsic Factors Influencing Stroke Volume
56
Contractility and Norepinephrine
Sympathetic
stimulation
releases
norepinephrine
and initiates a
cyclic AMP
second-
messenger
system
58
Regulation of Heart Rate: Autonomic Nervous
System
59
Atrial (Bainbridge) Reflex
60
Chemical Regulation of the Heart
61
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