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English Phonetics and Phonology Session 1 2 (Autoguardado) (Autoguardado)
English Phonetics and Phonology Session 1 2 (Autoguardado) (Autoguardado)
SESSION II
Making speech sounds
Contents
Pharynx
It can be narrowed.
Uvula
Tongue
Tongue
Sample Word:
Sand
1. Write a description of how this word is produced.
2. Compare it with another person.
3. Compare it with the answer given by our book.
• Take a breath
• The velum is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose.
• The air passes up through the larynx and the pharynx into the mouth.
• The front part of the tongue has been raised so that it is touching the roof of the mouth just behing the
upper front teeth.
Sample Word:
Sand
• Take a breath
/s/
• The velum is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose.
• The air passes up through the larynx and the pharynx into the mouth.
• The front part of the tongue has been raised so that it is touching the roof of the mouth just behing the
upper front teeth.
• This obstruction forcers the air to pass through a narrow gap and hit the teeth making a hissing noise.
Sample Word:
Sand
/æ/
• Vocal folds must be vibrating.
• To move from /s/ to /æ/ bring the vocal folds together until they are in contact with each other.
• The tongue must be lowered so that it`s not obstructing the flow of the air.
• The jaw is usually lowered.
• The velum is still raised to prevent the escape of air.
Sample Word:
Sand
/n/
• The velum must be lowered (it begins to happen at the end of the /æ/).
• The tongue and jaw must be raised into almost the same position it was for making the initial /s/.
• The closure between the the tongue and the roof of the mouth must be complete.
• The vocal folds conitnue to vibrate.
• With the velum lowered and the escape of the air through the mouth blocked, all the air passes through
the nasal cavity and escapes through the nostrils.
Sample Word:
Sand
/d/
• The moe from /n/ to /d/ is a very simple one.
• Remember, during /n/ the air is escaping through the nasal cavity and no escape of air is posible through
the mouth.
• Now raise the velum and the sacpe of air stops and the vocal folds son stop vibrating.
• This raising of the velum results in the the /d/.
Open
Open ………..
Velum Closed
Open
Off -------------
s æ n d
Título del gráfico
6
0
Categoría 1 Categoría 2 Categoría 3 Categoría 4
Serie 1 Serie 2 Serie 3
Grupo A
• Paso 1
• Paso 2
Grupo B
• Paso 3
• Paso 4
Grupo C
• Paso 5