TISSUE

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 TISSUES

• A tissue is a group of similar cells

that usually have a similar
embryological origin and are
specialized for a particular function.
• Tissue cells are often separated by
non-living, intercellular materials
that cells produce. This substance is
called the matrix.
• Histology – the study of tissues
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 FOUR PRINCIPAL TYPES OF TISSUES:

• Epithelial –covering and lining;

and glands
• Connective – protects and
supports, binds organs together,
stores energy, and provides
immunity
• Muscle – movement
• Nervous –transmits impulses that
coordinate body activities
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 Epithelial Tissue
• widespread throughout the body.
• covering of all body surfaces,
• line body cavities and hollow organs, and are
the major tissue in glands.
• perform a variety of functions:
– protection,
– secretion,
– absorption,
– excretion,
– filtration,
– diffusion,
– sensory reception.
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 Cell Shapes

• squamous (flat) for diffusion

• cuboidal (cubelike) - produce secretions
and function in absorption
• columnar (rectangular) - protect
underlying tissue, may have cilia,
secretion or absorption.
• transitional (variable) - change in
shape from flat to columnar due to
distention, expansion or movement of
body parts.
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Classes of Epithelia

• Simple:
just one
layer or
cell shape

• Stratified:
multiple
layers and
cell shapes

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Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
• Description :-
Single layer of cells of differing
heights, some not reaching the free
surface; nuclei seen different levels;
may contain goblet cells and bear
cillia.
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
• Function :-
Secretion, particulary of mucus;
propulsion of mucus by cilliary action.

• Location :-
- Noncilliated type in male's sperm-
carrying ducts and ducts or large
glands;
- cilliated variety lines the trachea,
most of the upper respiratory tarct.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPTHELIUM.
• Desciption :-
- Thick membrane composed of several cell
layers; basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar and metabolically active;
- surface cells are flattened
(squamous); in the keratinized type,
the surface cells are full of keratin and
dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and
produce the cells of the moresuperficial
layers.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPTHELIUM.
• Function :-
Protect underlying tissues in areas
subjected to abrasion.

• Location :-
- Nonkeratinized type forms the moist
linings of the esophagus, mouth and
vagina.
- Keratinized variety forms the epidermis
of the skin, a dry membrane.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPTHELIUM.
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Description:-
- Resembles both stratified squamous
and stratified cuboidal; basal cells
cuboidal or columnar;
- Surface cells dome shaped or
squamouslike, depending on degree
of organ stretch.
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• Function:-
- Stretches readily and permits
distension of urinary organ by
contained urine.
Location:-
- Lines the ureters, bladder, and
part of the urethra.
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
• Description:-
- Several cell layers; basal cells usually
cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and
columnar.

• Function:-
- Protection; secretion.

• Location:-
- Rare in the body; small amount in male
urethra and large ducts of some glands.
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Connective tissue is the most

abundant tissue in the body.

 There are usually fibres present in

the matrix, which may be of a
semisolid jelly-like consistency or
dense and rigid, depending upon the
position and function of the tissue.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Major functions of connective

tissue:-
a. Binding and structural support.
b. Protection.
c. Transport.
d. Insulation.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 The different type of cell involved
include:

a. Fibroblast.
b. Fat cell (adipocytes).
c. Macrophages.
d. Leukocytes (white blood cell).
e. Plasma cells.
f. Mast cells
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
A. Fibroblasts:-
i. Large cells with irregular processes.
ii. Produce collegen and elastic fibres
and a matrix of extracellular
material.
iii. Particularly active in tissue repair
(wound healing).
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
B. Fat cells (adipocytes):-
i. These cells occur singly or in group
in many types of connective tissue
and are especially abundant in
adipose tissue.
ii. They vary in size and shape
according to the amount of fat they
contain.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
C. Macrophages:-
i. These are irregular-shaped cells
with granules in the cytoplasm,some
are fixed.
ii. They are an important part of the
body's defence mechanisms because
they are actively phagocytic,
engufling and degisting cell debris,
bacteria and other foreign bodies.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
D. Leukocytes (white blood cells):-
i. normally found small numbers in
healthy connective tissue,change to
significant numbers during infection.
ii. Play in important part in tissue
defence.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
E. Plasma cells:-
i. These develop from B-lymphocytes,
a type of blood cell.
ii. They synthesise and screte specific
defensive antibodies into the blood
and tissue.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
F. Mast cells:-
i. They produce granules containing
heparin, histamine and other
substances, which are released when
the cells are damaged by disease or
injury.
Type of connective tissue

a) Loose (areolar) connective tissue.

b) Adipose tissue.
c) Lymphoid tissue(reticular tissue).
d) Dense connective tissue.
e) Cartilage.
f) Blood.
g) Bone.
a) Loose (areolar) connective
tissue
i. Generalized type of connective tissue.
ii.Semisolid with fibroblasts, fat cells,
mast cells and macrophages,
sparated by elastic and collagen
fibres.
iii.Providing elasticity and testile
strenght.
a) Loose (areolar) connective
tissue
iv. Connects and supports other
tissues:
- under the skin.
- between muscles.
- supporting blood vessels and
nerves.
- in the alimentary canal.
- in glands supporting secretory
cells.
a) Loose (areolar) connective
tissue
b) Adipose tissue
i. Consists of fat cells (adipocytes),
containing large fat globules, in a
matrix of areolar tissue.

ii. There are two type:( white and

brown)
b) Adipose tissue
b) Adipose tissue
White adipose tissue:-
1. makes up 20 to 25% of body
weight in well-nourished adults.

2. The amount of adipose tissue in an

individual is determined by the
balance between energy intake and
expenditure.
b) Adipose tissue
White adipose tissue:-

3. Supporting the kidneys and the

eyes, acts as a thermal insulator and
energy store.
b) Adipose tissue
b) Adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue:-
1. Present in the newborn.
2. Has more extensive capillary
network than white adipose tissue.
3. when metabolised, it produce less
energy and considerably more heat
than other fat.
b) Adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue:-
4. It also contributing to the
maintenance of body temperature.
5. In adults it present in small
amount.
b) Adipose tissue
b) Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue lymphoma/lipoma

c) Lymphoid tissue (reticular
tissue)
1. Has a semisolid matrix with fine
branching reticulin fibres.
2. Contains reticular cells and white
blood cells (lymphocytes).
3. Found in lymph nodes and all
organs of lymphatic system.
c) Lymphoid tissue (reticular
tissue)
c) Lymphoid tissue (reticular
tissue)

Lymphoid tissue Lymphoid tissue

(throat) lymphoma
d) Dense connective tissue.
d) Dense connective tissue.

• contains more fibres and fewer cells

than loose connective tissue.
• Two type of dense connective tissue:
a. Fibrous tissue.
b. Elastic tissue.

but in other version depend on

references.,
d) Dense connective tissue.

Fibrous tissue
d) Dense connective tissue.

a) Fibrous tissue:
- Made up mainly of closely packed
bundles of collagen fibres with very
little matrix.
- Fibrocytes are few in number and
are found lying in rows between the
bundles of fibres.
d) Dense connective tissue.

a) Fibrous tissue:
- this tissue found :
a. Forming ligaments.
b. As an outer protective covering
bone(periosteum)eg: kidneys, lymph
nodes and brain.
a. Forming muscle sheaths (muscle
fascia)/ tendon that attaches muscle
to bone.
d) Dense connective tissue.

Periosteum of the bone

Fibrous Tissue

Kidneys Brain
d) Dense connective tissue.

elastic tissue
d) Dense connective tissue.

b) Elastic tissue
- this tissue is capable of considerable
extension and recoil.
- Has a few cells and the matrix
consists mainly of masses of elastic
fibres secreted by fibroblasts.
d) Dense connective tissue.

b) Elastic tissue
- Found in organs where stretching or
alteration of shape is required. eg:
large blood vessel walls, the trachea
and bronchi and lung.
d) Dense connective tissue.

Blood vessel
d) Dense connective tissue.

Trachea Bronchi
d) Dense connective tissue.

Lung
e) Cartilage tissue.
e) Cartilage tissue.

• Cartilage has qualities intermediate

between bone and dense connective
tissue.
• Embedded in matrix reinforced by
collagen and elastic fibres.
e) Cartilage tissue.

• Three type of cartilage tissue:

a. Hyaline cartilage.
b. Fibrocartilage.
c. Elastic cartilage.
e) Cartilage tissue.

Hyaline Cartilage
e) Cartilage tissue.

a. Hyaline cartilage.
- Smooth bluish-white tissue.
- Chondrocytes are in small group
within cell nests and the matrix is
solid and smooth.
- Provides flexibility, support and
smooth surface of movement.
e) Cartilage tissue.

a. Hyaline cartilage.
- It is found:
i. on the ends of long bones that form
joint.
ii. forming the costal cartilages,attach
the ribs to the sternum.
iii. forming the part of the larynx,
trachea and bronchi.
e) Cartilage tissue.

Trachea / Lung
e) Cartilage tissue.

b. Fibrocartilage.
- Consists of dense masses of white
collagen fibres in a similar with
hyaline cartilage.
- Tough, slightly flexible, supporting
tissue.
e) Cartilage tissue.

b. Fibrocartilage.
- It can be found :
i. as pads between the bodies of the
vertebrae, the intervertebral disc.
ii.between the articulating surfaces of
the bones of the knee joint,called
semilunar cartilage.
e) Cartilage tissue.

b. Fibrocartilage.
iii.on the rim the bony sockets of the
hip and shoulder joints, depending
the cavities without restricting
movenment.
iv. as ligaments joining bones.
e) Cartilage tissue.

Fibrocartilage
e) Cartilage tissue.

Hip joint knee ligament

e) Cartilage tissue.

intervertebral disc/vertebrae
body
e) Cartilage tissue.

c. Elastic cartilage.
- Flexible tissue consists of yellow
elastic fibres lying in the solid
matrix.
- Chondrocytes lie between the fibres.
- Provides support and maintains
shape of Eg: the pinna or lobe of the
ear, the epiglottis and part of the
tunica media of blood vessel walls.
e) Cartilage tissue.

Elastic cartilage
e) Cartilage tissue.

Pinna Tunica media

f) Blood tissue.

- blood tissue(or simply blood) is a

connective tissue with a liquid
matrix called plasma.
- a pale yellow fluid that consist
mostly of water with a wide variety
of dissolved substances: nutrients,
wastes, enzymes, hormones,
respiratory gases and ions.
f) Blood tissue.
f) Blood tissue.

- in plasma contained:
i. red blood cells.
ii. white blood cells.
iii. platelets.
f) Blood tissue.

i. Red blood cells.

- transport oxygen to body cells and
remove carbon dioxide.

ii. White blood cells.

- in volved in phagocytosis, immunity
and allergic reaction.
f) Blood tissue.

i. Platelets.
- participate in blood clotting.

more detail about blood, we will learn

in chapter blood vessel.
g) Bone tissue.
g) Bone tissue.

- bone cells (osteocytes)

- surrounded by a matrix of collagen
fibres strengthened by inorganic
salts: (calcium,phosphate)
- (inorgonic salts) provides bones with
their characteristic strength and
rigidity.
g) Bone tissue.

- considerable capacity for growth in

the first two decades of life.
- for regeneration throughout life.
- two type of bone :
i. Compact bone - solid or dense
appearance.
ii. Spongy or cancellous bone -
'spongy' or fine honeycomb
appearance.
g) Bone tissue.
MUSCLE TISSUE

Skeletal Smooth muscle

muscle tissue tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE

- Tissue that able to contract and

relax,providing movement.
- muscle contraction requires an
adequate blood supply to provide
sufficient oxygen, calcium and to
remove waste products.
MUSCLE TISSUE

- three type of specialised contractile

cells:
i. skeletal muscle.
ii. smooth muscle.
iii. cardiac muscle.
MUSCLE TISSUE

i. Skeletal muscle tissue.

- It forms those muscles that move
the bone(of the skeletal).
- striated because striations(stripes)
can be seen on microscopic and
voluntary it is under conscious
control.
- movement can be finely
coordinated,eg: writing, but may
also be controlled subconsciously.
MUSCLE TISSUE

i. Skeletal muscle tissue.

- fibres- cylindrial,contain several
nuclei and can be up to 35cm long.
- skeletal muscle contraction is
stimulated by motor nerve.
MUSCLE TISSUE

ii. Smooth muscle tissue.

- also describes as non-
striated,visceral or involuntary.
- does not have striations and is not
under conscious control.
- it has intrinsic ability to contract
and relax.
MUSCLE TISSUE

ii. Smooth muscle tissue.

- autonomic nerve impulses,some
hormones and local metabolites
stimulate contraction.
- smooth muscle is completely relaxed
for only short period.
- under microscope, the cells are seen
to be spindle shaped with only one
central nucleus.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

ii. Smooth muscle tissue.

- it can be found:
i. regulating the diameter of blood
vessels and parts of repiratory tract.
ii.propelling contents of the ureters,ducts
of glands and alimentary tract.
iii.expelling contents of the urinary
bladder and uterus.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

iii. Cardiac muscle tissue.

- this type of muscle is found only in the
heart wall.
- it not under conscious control.
- each fibre(cell) has a nucleus and one
or more branches.
- these 'joint' or intercalated discs, seen
as lines that are thicker and dacker
than the ordinary cross-stripes.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

iii. Cardiac muscle tissue.

- the end to end continuity of cardiac
muscle cells has significance in relation
to the way the heart contract.
- A wave of contraction spreads from
cell to cell across the intercalated
disc;- do not need to be stimulated
individually.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

iii. Cardiac muscle tissue.

- the heart has an intrinsic pacemaker
system.
MUSCLE TISSUE

Cardiac muscle tissue

NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

- It consist two principal kinds of cell;

neurons and neuroglia.
- neuron or nerve cell are sensitive to
various stimuli.
- convert stimuli into nerve impulses
and conduct these impluses to other
neurons, to muscle fibers, or to
gland.
NERVOUS TISSUE

- neuron consist three basic portion:

i. a cell body.
ii. dendrites.
iii. axons.
NERVOUS TISSUE

i. A cell body.
- contain the nucleus and other
organelles.

ii. Dendrites.
- neuron has multiple dendrites.
- to receive input from sensory
receptor.
NERVOUS TISSUE

iii. Axon
- axon of a neuron is single.
- output portion of a neuron.
- conducting nerve impulses toward
another neuron or to some other
tissue.
NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

- neuroglia,
- do not generate or conduct nerve
impulses, but have many other
important functions.
more detail in topic: NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 sekian....
manusia boleh berubah dengan
ilmu...dan dengan ilmu manusia
boleh berubah