Water Analysis

Drinking Water
• Clear
• Colorless
• Free from objectionable taste and odor
 Must NOT Contain

–Any substance/organisms
–Chemicals
–Radioactive Materials
Water Quality Monitoring
• Bacteriological Analysis
• Physical Analysis
• Chemical Analysis
• Radiological Analysis
Bacteriological Analysis
Waterborne Microbial Pathogens
»Bacteria
»Viruses
»Protozoa
»Helminths
 Bacteria
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• E. coli
• V. cholera
 Virus
• Poliovirus
• Hepatitis A
• Rotavirus
• Norwalk virus
 Protozoa
•G. lambia
•C. parvum
•E. hystolitica
 Indicator Organism
• A practical alternative to isolation of a
specific pathogen
• Indirect approach to analysis be use of an
indicator organism to indicate fecal
contamination
• Positive for Indicator Bacteria
Denotes
•Presence of fecal materials
 Criteria for Acceptable use of
Indicator Organism
• Should be a member of normal flora of
healthy individuals
• Should be exclusively an intestinal inhabitant
• Ideally should be only found in humans
 Criteria for Acceptable use of
Indicator Organism
• Non-pathogenic
• Always present when pathogenic organism of
concern is present and absent in clean
uncontaminated water
 Criteria for Acceptable use of
Indicator Organism
• Present in large numbers in the feces
• Easily isolated, identified and
enumerated
 Criteria for Acceptable use of
Indicator Organism
• Respond to environmental conditions and
treatment process similarly with other
microorganism
• Should be unable to grow outside of intestine
with a die-off rate less than pathogenic
organism
 Criteria for Acceptable use of
Indicator Organism
• Indicator and pathogens should come
from the same source
• No organisms fulfills all the criteria
for an indicator organism but the
COLIFORM BACTERIA fulfill most
Indicators in Microbiological
Water Analysis
• Total Coliform
• Fecal Coliform
• E.coli
• Enterococcus
• Heterotrophic Bacteria
 Heterotrophic Plate Count
• Indicate general biological condition of drinking
water
–Pour Plate
–Spread Plate
–Membrane Filter Method
 Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
• Results are reported in terms of Most
Probable Number (MPN) or organism present
 Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
• Presumptive Phase – Lauryl Tryptose
Broth (LTB)
• Confirmed Phase – Brilliant Green
Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB)
• Completed Phase – EC
 Media Preparation
Preparation of TSLTB
Media Preparation
Media Preparation
Media Preparation
Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique
 Results
• HPC (Pour plate) – Growth is
counted
• Report all counts as “colony forming
units” (CFU)