The Ayub Regime

1958-1969
Political Dynamics and Economy
 The First Coup/ Martial Law
• President Mirza Declares Martial Law (6-7oct)
• Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in
presidential palace on the midnight of 26–27
October 1958 and send Mirza in exile to
England.
 Martial Law
 Causes of 1st martial law and reasons for the
failure of parliamentary democracy from 1947-
1958.
1. Leadership Crisis
2. Provincialism
3. The Constitution Making Dilemma 1947-56
4. Extreme Political Instability
5. Factionalism: The Breakdown of the PML
6. Failure of Political Leadership
 Martial Law
7. Conflict between the political leaders and the
bureaucratic-military elites over the nature and
direction of the political system.
8. Interference of the Heads of State
9. Negative Role of Judiciary
10.The Pakistan Army and the India Syndrome
12.Absence of Land Reforms
13.Absence of Independent Election Commission
14.International Factors
 Devices applied to Perpetuate Rule
Illiberal Political Policies
• Selective Co-option: To associate, chose or
persuade for cooperation and share
responsibility. Examples: EBDO 1959, BD1959.
Containment: To keep in limit or discipline, to
nip the opposing group in the bud. Land
Reforms:Upper Limit 500 acres irrigated, 1000
non irrigated
• Collateralization: Sharing in subordenate
position and not equal patners
 The Ayub Regime
• In 1960, a Referendum, that functioned as
Electoral College, was held that asked the
general public:"Do you have confidence in
Mohammed Ayub Khan?".

• Political parties act 1962. Banned.

 The Ayub Regime
• The Constitution of 1962
 A Constitutional Commission was established
in February 1960 under the chairmanship of
Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice.
Ayub announced the Constitution on March 1,
1962. Elections to the National Assembly (NA)
and Provincial Assemblies (PAs) were held in
April and May 1962 respectively.
 The Ayub Regime
1. Title of the State (Later) Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
2. Presidential System
3. Powers of the President
4. Indirect Method of Election for President
5. National Assembly (NA)
6. NA was consisted of one house on the basis of
principle of parity between two wings of the
country. There were 150 seats plus 6 seats were
reserved for women.
 The Ayub Regime
7. Federal Structure
8. Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology
• Constitution remained enforced from June 8,
1962 to March 25, 1969.
 The Ayub Regime
• Presidential election of 1965
• Fatima Jinnah
• The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000
Basic Democrats, who were easily
manipulated by President Ayub Khan and
bitterly won the elections with 64%.
 Achievements of Ayub’s Regime
Liberal Capitalist Economy
• Five Year Planing Strategy
• Indus Water Treaty
• Mangla Dam
• During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%
• Islamabad Capital 1964
• Industrialization and agricultural growth
• Tarbela Dam
• Military development
• Nuclear Research
• Space programme SUPARCO
• Minar-e-Pakistan Construction
• Road Infrastructure
 The Fall/Decline of Ayub Khan
1. East Pakistan Neglected
• East Pakistan provided 60 percent of the total
revenue, compared to 40 percent by West
Pakistan, but it received only 25 per cent for
its expenditure. The rest, 75 per cent was
spent in West Pakistan.
 The Fall of Ayub Khan
2. Concentration of political power in his own
hands.
3. Dictatorial powers of President: people wanted
parliamentary form of democracy
4. Right of adult franchise curtailed by the system
of basic democracy
5. Control of Press and Media under Press and
Publication (Amendment) Ordinance: Pakistan
Times, Imroz, Mashriq were placed under
National Press Trust.
 The Fall of Ayub Khan
6. STRONG OPPOSITION
• Dynamic leadership of Bhutto, Asghar Khan,
Mujeeb, Bhashani etc.
7. Wide popularity of Awami League in East
Pakistan and P.P.P in West Pakistan.
 The Fall of Ayub Khan
8. US aid/Loan Based economy
9. 1965 war impact: No Foreign Aid after 1965
War
10. Political Oppression
11. Economic Crisis
12. Ayub Khan’s Elitist Economic Model: The 22
Families. Economy of the rich by the rich for
the rich