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Longspanstructures
Longspanstructures
Subject to Funicular
Bending Structures
Subject to Funicular
Bending Structures
Roman civilization.
However, most long-span buildings then
were single level constructed using vaults
and domes.
The number of
elements/surfaces associated
with a stub girder may increase
the cost of fire protection
compared with simpler
solutions.
• The collapse occurred when the last section of box for the second span was being moved out along
the cantilever.
• This section slid forward down the cantilever buckled, at the support and collapsed into the river
(Fig 2), killing four men, including the site-engineer.
PRECAST BRIDGES
• BENEFITS TO OWNER
o Reduction in the duration of work zones
o Reduced traffic handling costs
o Reduced accident exposure risks
o Less inconvenience to the traveling public
• BENEFITS TO OWNER
o Reduced exposure to hazards
o Reduced accident exposure risks
o Fewer weather delays
o Lower costs
Typical multi girder system with x-type Curved roof trusses can be used to support structural decks
intermediate cross frames and stay-in-place with a suspended ceiling. The natural open web of the steel
formwork used for constructing a deck-slab truss allows for the simple passage of services.
• A roof truss is a structure that includes one or multiple triangular units that include straight
slender members with their ends connected via nodes.
• Trusses are frame works in which the members are subjected to essentially axial forces due to
externally applied load.
• Bending leads to compression in the top chords (or horizontal members), tension in the bottom
chords, and either tension or compression in the vertical and diagonal members, depending on
their orientation.
Pratt truss:
Howe truss:
Fan truss:
Scissor truss:
Warren girder:
Lattice girder:
Vierendeel truss:
K- type truss:
• Dead Load
• Live Load
• Longitudinal Force
• Horizontal Forces
• Wind Load
• Seismic Load
Direction of load transfer in Trusses
Wood
Metal - Steel
Concrete – Precast /
Prestressed
Bamboo
Convention centre
Warren girder
• Metal roofs-
I. Skilled labour is required to install metal roof trusses.
II. They are not energy efficient since they allow more heat to
from the structure.
III. When the metal is cut, drilled, scratched or welded, rust can
become a problem.
• Wooden roofs-
I. Wooden roofs are susceptible to fire.
II. Wood can rot or become infested with bugs if not maintained
treated properly.
Anchor Arm Cantilever Arm Suspended Arm Cantilever Arm Anchor Arm
• All members of the super structure comprise built up riveted sections with a combination of high tensile and
mild steel. No nuts and bolts.
• Road way beyond the tower is supported on ground leaving anchor arm free from deck loads
• Bridge deck comprises 71 ft carriage way and 15 ft footway projecting either side of the trusses and braced by a
longitudinal fascia girder.
• The deck system consists of cross girders hung with pinned connection.
• They support a continuous pressed steel system over which deck concrete is laid out.
• In a common variant,
the suspended span, the cantilever
arms do not meet in the center;
instead, they support a central truss
bridge which rests on the ends of
the cantilever arms.
• The suspended span may be built
off-site and lifted into place, or
constructed in place using special
travelling supports.
Internationalairport,
China
Reticular Loom
Denver UnionStation
SERVICE LOADS
In portal frames heavy point loads may occur
from suspended walkways, air handling units etc.
In certain situation it will be more appropriate to
use truss or lattice girder rather than a portal
frame.
CRANE LOAD
Cranes impose both horizontal and vertical loads
on the structure, part of loading is due to dynamic
effects. The vertical load will be composed of a
load due to weight of the crane bridge. The
horizontal load due to crane surge and reaction
from the wheel.
FIRE LOAD
When a portal frame is close to the boundary,
there are several requirements aimed at stopping
fire spread by keeping the boundary intact:
• The use of fire resistant cladding
• Application of fire protection of the steel up to
the underside of the haunch
Although member resistance is important, stiffness of the frame is also necessary to limit the effects
of deformed geometry and to limit the deflections.