ELECTROSTATIC

Illa A. Esparaguera
Presenter
MAED SCED I
WHAT IS ELECTROSTATIC?
 A stationary electrical charge that is built up
on the surface of a material.
Electrostatic Law :
Like charges repel and
unlike charges attract.
 DEMONSTRATION
 Rub a comb on pants.
Place the comb near paper
scraps. What happen?

The comb carries electric charge. It exerts

electric force on paper. This charging
method is called charging by friction.

The interaction between static electric charges

is called electrostatics.
WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
Matter is made up of atoms.

+ Proton (positive charge)

–
neutron (neutral)
+
+ +

– electron (negative charge)

– –

atom nucleus
WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
If electrons = protons neutral

If electrons > protons  gaining electrons, negative

charge

If electrons < protons  losing electrons, positive

charge
WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
Rubbing materials does NOT create
electric charges. It just transfers
electrons from one material to the
other.
WHERE DO CHARGES COME FROM?
When a balloon rubs a piece of wool...

electrons are pulled from the

– +
wool to the balloon.
– +
– The balloon has more
– +
– electrons than usual.
– +
wool + The balloon: – charged,
The wool: +charged
INSULATORS AND CONDUCTORS
Insulators are materials that do NOT allow
electrons to flow through them easily.
Insulators can be easily charged by friction as the
extra electrons gained CANNOT easily escape.

Conductors are materials that allow electrons to flow

through them easily.
Conductors CANNOT be easily charged by friction as
the extra electrons gained can easily escape.
INDUCTION – IS THE PRODUCTION OF A CHARGE IN AN UNCHARGED
BODY BY BRINGING A CHARGED OBJECT CLOSE TO IT

Example: When negatively charged rod is put near a tin can...

electrons of the can are pushed

- - - - - - - away from the rod.
induced
charges attraction  top of the can: positive
++ + buttom of the can: negative
+ +
& attraction > repulsion
- -
Tin can - -
-
repulsion
STATIC DISCHARGE
Human body can not feel less than
2,000 volts of static discharge

Static charge built up by scuffing

shoes on a carpet can exceed 20,000
volts.
What is grounding?
 An object is grounded when it is
connected to the earth through a
connecting wire.

 If a charged conductor is grounded, it

will become neutral.
How does grounding occur?

When we touch a metal ball of

positive charge...
+ +
+ electrons flow from the
+ + earth to the metal ball to
neutralize the metal ball.

Metal ball becomes neutral.

How does grounding occur?

Similarly, if the metal ball is of

negative charge...

– – extra electrons flow

– from the metal ball to
– –
the earth and the ball
becomes neutral.
Why do gasoline tankers usually have metal
chains at the back?
When cars run, their tires and bodies are
usually charged by friction. For gasoline tankers,
if the accumulated charge is large enough,
sparks can be produced and explosion will occur
if gasoline vapor is ignited. Those metal chains
conduct the charge on the bodies of tankers to
the ground and avoid the danger.
How
htning
ccurs?
Objects are electrically charged in one of three
ways:
•By friction, when electrons are rubbed from one
object to another
•By contact, when electrons are transferred through
direct contact without rubbing
•Through induction when electrons are gathered or
dispersed by the presence of a nearby charge (without
physical contact)
 Conservation of Charge
Electrons are never created nor
destroyed, but are simply transferred
from one material to another

Electrons are always transferred in

whole – they cannot be divided into
fractions of electrons
 Coulomb’s Law
The force between two charges depends
on the magnitude of the charges and the
distance between them

q q
F=k 1 2
d 2
•Units of charge = Coulomb (C)
•k is a proportionality constant called
the Coulomb constant
9 N·m2
•k  9,000,000,000 N·m2 or 9·10

Charge of an -19
qe = -1.6 · 10 C
Electron
Charge of a -19
qp = +1.6 · 10 C
Proton
Sample problem

Two electrons are a meter apart.

What is the force between them?
Given: d = 1m
-19 -19
q = -1.6*10 C q = -1.6*10 C
p e

q1q2
F=k 2
d -19 -19
(-1.6*10 C)* (-1.6*10 C)
9 2 2
F = (9*10 N*m /C ) 2
(1 m)
-28
F = 2.3*10 N
Electrical energy has numerous applications. However
many of this applications will not be possible unless we
know how to control electrical energy or electricity. How
do we control electricity? It starts by providing a path
through which charges can flow. This path is provided by
an electric circuit.