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CH8 Consolidation SoilMech - Sett
CH8 Consolidation SoilMech - Sett
CH8 Consolidation SoilMech - Sett
1
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES – 3 RD CLASS – CIVIL ENG.
DEPT.
CHAPTER EIGHT
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
INTRODUCTION
So, the consolidation is the
gradual reduction in volume of a
fully saturated soil of low
coefficient of permeability due to
the dissipation of the excess pore
water pressure.
The amount of settlement which
occurs in a given time depends
on the
1.permeability of the soil
2.length of the drainage path
3.compressibility of the soil SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 5
SOIL MECHANICS- KCE3241
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION (OEDOMETER TEST)
THEORY
A simple one-dimensional
consolidation model consists of
rectilinear element of soil subject to
vertical changes in loading and
through which vertical (only)
seepage flow is taking place.
THEORY
Setlement
stage of the test, the DH2
s’2
DH
De
Hs
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 9
SOIL MECHANICS- KCE3241
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
(e o e1) De
av
(s 1 s o ) Ds
e1 e 2 e1 e2
Cc
log s 2 log s 1 log s 2
s
1
DV e o e1
Vo 1 eo
e o e1 s 1 s o H
dSc .dz dSc m v .Ds .dz Sc m v .Ds .dz
s 1 s o 1 e o 0
Sc m v . D s . H
e o e1
OR Sc .H
1 eo
Cc sf
OR Sc . H . log Where s f = s o + Ds
1 eo so
SOIL MECHANICS LECTURES by Dr. Mohammed Sh. M. Al Shakerchy 14
SOIL MECHANICS- KCE3241
CONSOLIDATION OF CLAY
g = 15 kN/m3, H = 3.5 m
3m Sand
g=17 kN/m3
Clay
3.5 g=19.5 kN/m3, eo=0.9, Cc=0.2,
m Cr=0.02, Cv=0.5 m2/year
Sand
s c s o Under Consolidation:
FINDING s c 4
e 2
to find the s’c follow 3
the below steps, from 1
s ’o s ’c Log s'
1. when s c s o
Cc .H s o D s
Sc . log
1 eo s o
2. when s c s o
there are two cases: -
a. when
s f s c
Cr .H s c Cc.H s c Ds
Sc . log . log
1 eo s o 1 e o s c
b. when
s f s c
Cr .H s f
Sc . log
1 eo s o
Ex: 3- for the same Ex. 2, find the total settlement if the clay had been
pre-consolidated to an average pressure of 300 kN/m 2.
so =
s c = 300 kN/m2
sc so
EX: In the other case, if the external load change to square footing with
side length of 3 m and q=200 kN/m2, find the total consolidation
settlement.
s s o
Uz
s 1 s o
Terzaghi's Solution
The general solution is obtained for an
overall (average) degree of consolidation
(Uav) using non-dimensional factors.
Sc time
U 100
Sc total
Sc6 months = U * Sctotal =
SOL. (Cc=(eo-e1)/(logs1-logso),
e1=1.869,
Sc=53.8mm,
Tv = 0.196,
mv=(eo-e1)/(1+eo).1/(s1-so)= 0.214 mm2/N,
Cv=k/(mv.gw) = 1524 mm2/sec,
t= 53.58 min.)
SOL.
U=20%,
Tv=0.0314,
Cv=2.617x10-3 mm2/sec,
U=40%,
Tv=0.1257,
t=13 years 258.343 days)
Time factor
2- For soil profile shown in figure below . A clay layer whose total consolidation settlement
under a given fill is expected to be 20 cm. Find the excess pore water pressure and effective
stress (due to fill) at points A,B,C and D for cases
i. Immediately after application of the fill.
ii. After 20 months of fill application .If the consolidation settlement after 2 months is 4
cm.
iii. After final consolidation was achieved.
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
3- A saturated soil sample 20 mm thick was tested in an Oedometer (double drainage)
under a stress increment of 100 kn/m2. the sample had compressed by 1.5 mm at t90
which was 24 minutes after stressing. Calculate the coefficient of volume change (m v), the
coefficient of consolidation (cv).
4- A bed of sand 10m thick is underlain by a compressible layer of clay 3 m thick under
which lies sand. The water table is at a depth of 4 m below the ground surface. The total
unit weights of sand below and above the water table are 20.5 and 17.7 kN/m3
respectively. The clay has a natural water content of 42%, liquid limit 46% and specific
gravity 2.76. Assuming the clay to be normally consolidated, estimate the probable final
settlement under an average excess pressure of 100 kN/m2.
QUESTIONS
5- For soil profile consists of three layers, top layer, sand soil with unit weight of
17 kN/m3, and thickness of 2 meters, mid layer, clay soil with unit weight of 19
kN/m3, eo=0.9, Cc=0.2, OCR=1.5, and thickness of 5 meters, bottom layer,
sand soil with unit weight of 17 kN/m3, and thickness of 6 meters. Water table at
one meter from surface level.
i. Estimate the total consolidation settlement, caused by application of
square footing of 3 meters each side, and q=200 kN/m2.
ii. the change in total consolidation settlement if the water table level
lowered two meters,
iii.Estimate the time required, in months, to achieve 50% degree of
consolidation, what is the consolidation settlement?