VOIP

(Voice Over IP)

Yonca Cumurcu
Koray Kurt
 Today, we will deal with;
• What is VoIP?
• Ways of using VoIP?
• What is PSTN?
• Which protocols are used?
• What are the Challanges?
• Advantages of the VoIP usage?
• Which companies produce VoIP software?
• VoIP prices?
• VoIP in Turkey and legal issues?
 What is VoIP?
• VoIP allows you to make telephone calls
using a computer network, over a data network
like the Internet
• VoIP uses the internet as its medium to send
voice.
• For our purposes we will restrict it to mean
voice communications among 2 or more
computers.
 What is VoIP?

•Voice Calls are

transmitted
over Packet Switched
Network instead of Public
Switched Telephone
Networks (PSTN)
 What is PSTN?
• PSTN is abbreveation of Public Switched
Telephone Network.
• A network of fixed-line analog telephone
system
• Is now entirely digital
• Includes not only fixed telephones but also
mobile phones.
 What is PSTN?
• Two types of PSTN:
• POTS(Plain Old Telephone Service):analog
acoustic signal transformed to (similar) analog
electrical signal. (ANALOG Telephony)
• ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network):
transforming analog acoustic or electric signal
to digital values.(DIGITAL Telephony)
 Ways Of Using VoIP
• PC to PC
• PC to Phone
• Phone to PC
• Phone to Phone
 Scenario 1: PC to PC

•Need a PC with sound card

•IP Telephony software(softphone): Skype, Gtalk,
VoIP Stunt, ...
•Video optional
 Scenario 2: PC to Phone

Need a gateway that connects IP network to

phone network
Scenario 3: Phone to Phone

•Need more gateways that connect IP network to phone

networks
•The IP network could be dedicated intra-net or the
Internet.
•The phone networks could be intra-company PBXs or
the carrier switches
 Illustration of Gateway
AT-RG613TX
Gateway, 3 x 10/100TX LAN, 2 x FXS, 1 x 100TX WAN port
 Which Protocols are Required for
VoIP?
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol)
• SIP( Session Initiation Protocol)
• H323
 UDP Protocol
• Available in transport layer
• Enable the transmission of information
between the correct processes (or
applications) on host computers.
• UDP protocol is commonly used in transport
layer as an alternative to TCP protocol.
 UDP Protocol
UDP
• Connectionless protocol
• Unreliable
• No sequence numbers
 UDP Protocol

Source port:
Identifies the higher layer process which originated the data.
Destination port :
Identifies with higher layer process to which data is being
transmitted.
Length :
The length in octets of the UDP data and payload (minimum 8).
Checksum :
Optional field supporting error detection.
 RTP Protocol
• provides end-to-end delivery services for data
with real-time characteristics (audio and
video)
• includes payload type identification, sequence
numbering, and timestamping
• supports mixers and translators
 RTP Protocol

• translator: coding transformation

• mixer: mixing several audio streams into a single audio stream

 SIP Protocol
• SIP is a application layer control simple
signalling protocol for VoIP implementations
• SIP: not only for VoIP, but in general for
multimedia communication
eg: audio / video conferencing, server-based or
p2p
• provides the market with fast operation,
flexibility, scalability and multiservice support.
 SIP Protocol
• provides its own reliability mechanism
• creates, modifies and terminates sessions
which are internet multimedia conferences,
Internet telephone calls and multimedia
distribution with one or more participants.
• well-known port number: 5060
• support for instant messaging
• format similar to HTTP
 SIP Protocol
SIP works as follows;
• Callers and callees are identified by SIP addresses
• a caller first locates the appropriate server and then
sends a SIP request
• a SIP request may be redirected or may trigger a chain
of new SIP requests by proxies
• Users can register their location(s) with SIP servers
• SIP messages can be transmitted either over TCP or
UDP
 SIP Protocol
• Request Messages:
The format of the Request packet
 SIP Protocol
• Methods Command:
- Invite: Initiate Call
- Ack: Confirm Final Response
-Bye: Terminate and Transfer Call
- Cancel: Cancel Searches and ‘Ringing’
-Options: Features Support by Other Side
- Register:Register with Location Service
 SIP Protocol
• Response Message:
The format of the Response message
SIP Protocol
 H323 Protocol
• H323 Prtocol is a ITU-T standard (International
Telecommunications Union)
• framework for multimedia communication
• allow multimedia transmission through an
unreliable packet-based network
 H323 Protocol
• H323 includes
– Call signaling H.225
– Media control H.245
– Audio coding G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728,
G.729 (G.711 is most used, G.729 is most
quality enhanced)
– Video coding H.261, H263
– Data sharing T.120
– Media transport RTP, RTCP
 H323 Architecture

- H323 Terminal
-Gateway
-Gatekeeper
- Multipoint Control Units (MCU)
 VoIP Challenges
• Packet loss
• Latency
• Jitter
• Echo
• Reliability
• Firewalls
 VoIP Challenges
• VoIP implementations face problems dealing
with latency , echo and jitter
• Echo: waving of voice
• Latency: Changing in delivery time between
voice packets
• Jitter: Changing in delivery order of voice
packets
 VoIP Challenges
Connection Problems:
• problems behind NAT between peers.
• Echo and jitter occurs because of packet loss.
• Internet stability problems can cause
reliability problems and this discourages voip
usage.
• routing VoIP traffic through firewalls blocks
voice packets transmission.
 Advantages of VoIP
• What are the esssential factors that
encourages people to use VoIP?
 Advantages of VoIP
• Cost of equipment and deployement
• Low price in leased-line(home phone)
• Portability
• Flexibility
• Versatility
• Interconnectivity
• Time to market
 VoIP Producers
• ITSP: Internet Telecommunication Service
Provider which provides VoIP softwares
• Most popular VoIP software and also the
producers are MSN, SKYPE…
 VoIP in TURKEY
Most popular producers in Turkey are
• Superonline
• Borusan Telekom
• Koçnet
• Sabancı Telekom
• Turk Telekom
Sample Estimated Price
 VoIP Prices
• Generally,
Producers get approximately $ 2-3
membership fee monthly .
• From Soft to Soft is free
• From Soft to PSDN is cheaper than 80%
• eg: Calling to USA with Turk Telekom is 0.12
YTL, however; Calling with VoIP Stunt is 0.3
YTL
VoIP usage area in Turkey and Legal Issues

• Cellphone usage cost in Turkey is very high

• Until the half of the last year it was a confused
concept and alsoTürk Telekom did not reach
the necessary judgement.
• Today, it is legalized to some degree.
• However, Türk Telekom brought these
producers to justice by esteeming this service
as illegal.
 VoIP usage area in Turkey and
Legal Issues
• Judgement come out in favour of the
producers.
• However, Türk Telekom can cut the ISS lines
and stop the activities of any voip firms
without the judgement decision.
• Since, the Türk Telekom has voice monopoly,
domination on VoIP firms are increased legally
or illegaly.
 In Conlusion,
• We can criticise Türk Telekom because of
these immoral attitudes.
• We can criticise the government because of
the latency of these legal arrangements.
• We can criticise VoIP firms because of the
nonconstructed infrastructure
• However, it is the unchangable fact that VoIP
revolution will dominate the all
telecommunication world several ten years
more…
 References;
• 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voip
• 2) http://www.erlang.com/protocols.html
• 3) http://www.pusulanet.com.tr/voipurun.htm
• 4) http://www.voip.gen.tr/
• 5) http://siptutorial.blogspot.com/
• 6) http://www.linecube.com/rates/compare/
QUESTIONS?
• Q1) Is it possible to use voip solutions in wifi
enabled cellphones?
• A1) Yes , it is possible. In many cellphone
operating systems there are many softphone
applications which enables voip usage. For
example, SJPhone is an application deployed
for Windows mobile 2005 OS
• Q2) Is it possible to call the PC from the phone
is used in daily life?
• A2) YES. It is possible by using DID. By the help
of the special numbers which are assigned by
the daily phone network to voip network, it is
possible to provide the transition. However it
can not be used in Turkey because it is illegal.
This transmission is also called number of
portability. (DID Number)
• Q3: What do you think about the differences
in price between PSDN and VoIP?
• A3: Voip networks uses IP networks and over
these networks voice packages are
transferred. Internet can be used in terms of
IP network. So, there is no need to additional
investment. However, PSTNs performs
communication over the TDM and ATM
networks which have high cost. So, cost
advantage between them is very high and it
explains the difference in cost.