Energy Audit for Building

Avinash Kumar R
1807RY03
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore
Introduction
Buildings are responsible for 20-25% of the total primary
energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions in
India

 The standards such as

Energy Conservation and Building Code (ECBC)

National Building Code (NBC), and

other energy efficiency programmes are aimed at improving the

energy performance of existing buildings
Net or Nearly Zero Energy Building
Energy studies in several office buildings, hotels, and hospitals
indicate an energy savings potential of up to 20% in
heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC),
Lighting
Pumping
building services such as lifts etc

In modern commercial buildings, HVAC system which comprises

chiller
chilled water pumps
condenser pumps
cooling tower fans
air handling unit (AHU) fans
fan coil unit (FCUs) takes the major energy load
Energy Performance Index (EPI) is a measuring tool used to
evaluate the performance of a building in terms of total energy
consumption and total built up area

BEE Star Rating Programme for Buildings (Office buildings &

BPO)
GRIHA Green Rating System
LEED Rating System
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a
rating system devised by the United States Green Building Council
(USGBC) to evaluate environmental performance of a building and
encourage market transformation towards sustainable design.
Energy Mapping of Building
Building Envelope
Building envelope- --walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors—
has a significant impact on the HVAC energy used to condition the
air inside the facility

Some of the commonly recommended energy conservation

measures to improve thermal performance of building envelope are
as follows:

Addition of thermal insulation

Replacement of windows

 Reduction of air leakage

Where to concentrate………..

Lighting

Electrical systems

Transformers

Motors

Office Equipment

Lifts and Elevetors

ENERGY AUDITING APPROACH FOR BUILDINGS
Data and information
Collect site layout and general building characteristics such as
floor areas, numbers of end-users, construction details, building
orientation, building façade

Collect historical energy of electricity (grid/captive) and thermal

consumption bills for previous three years month wise to identify a
historical energy use pattern

Collect total built up area of the building

Identify the fuel types used (electricity, natural gas, diesel, fuel oil,
etc.) to determine the fuel type that accounts for the largest energy
use

Obtain maximum demand readings.

Collect details of electrical installations such as numbers of
transformers and low voltage main switchboards and their locations
and size or ratings of main distribution cables/bus ducts

Collect electrical and lighting schedules

Collect details of HVAC installations for different areas

Systems connected to central building energy management system

(BEMS) if available

Collect lift and escalator installation details such as capacity,

zoning, quantity, floors/areas served, and types of control, types of
drive, etc.

Collect details of ENCON measures already implemented or being

proposed.
Instruments and Measurements

Power analyser, ultrasonic flow meter, anemometer, vane

anemometer, thermocouple
Field Audit
Identify the client's concerns and needs

Determine existing operating conditions of major energy use

equipment (lighting, HVAC systems, motors, pumps etc.)

Obtain equipment/system operation records, including data logs

of metered parameters on temperature, pressure, current,
operational hours

Determine the patterns of fuel use by fuel type to identify the

peak demand for energy use by fuel type
Obtain details of building envelope (levels of insulation of walls,
floors, roofs) and the area

Type and number of panes for windows

Estimate the occupancy, equipment, and lighting (lighting power

density and hours of operation)

Understand utility rate structure (energy and demand rates) to

evaluate if the building is penalised for peak demand and if cheaper
fuel can be purchased

Obtain occupancy details and operating schedules for equipment

(including lighting, chiller, and HVAC systems)

Obtain details such as type of chillers, their capacities and

operational characteristics (refrigeration pressure/temperature,
water flow rate/temperature/pressure, etc.)
Collect operational characteristics of lift and escalator installation
(zoning, type of motor drive, control mechanism, etc.)

Obtain power distribution system characteristics

Analysis

Analyse energy performance index (EPI)

Analyse the effect of weather on fuel consumption

Perform utility energy use analysis by building type to compare

against typical indices

Analyse the effect of weather on energy consumption

Determine operational characteristics against design or

corresponding general engineering practices and analyse for
deviations
Report

Prepare a comprehensive list of energy conservation measures

(using the information collected in a walk-through survey)

Estimate the initial costs required to implement the energy

conservation measures

Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of each energy conservation

measure using an economic analysis method (simple payback or
life-cycle cost analysis)
ENERGY CONSERVATION (ENCON) Opportunities in Buildings
Operational and Housekeeping Measures

Set the air conditioning area temperature within a range of 24-26°C to

have better human comfort and hence to save power

Increase the evaporator chilled water temperature setting in the chiller

from 6.5-10°C to achieve a 10% reduction in power consumption in
chillers

Optimise evaporator temperature to

Avoid use of heating appliances in cool spaces

 Turn off lights in unoccupied spaces

Avoid running the pumps during peak period

Reduce operating time or switching off motors when not required

Low Cost Measures

Apply thermal insulation

Improve air tightness

Reduce ventilation losses

Install efficient barriers to avoid hot air leakage into cool spaces

Insulate damaged/uninsulated chilled waterlines

Select office equipment with reduced heat output

Install motion sensors in conference rooms, closets, restrooms and

break rooms. Motion sensors can reduce lighting costs up to 40% in
areas where lights are generally left on all the time
Use energy-efficient lighting lamps and ballasts: replace 40 W
'tubes with ordinary chokes by LED lamps

Provide electronic energy meters and run-hour meters for each

pump

Use water-saving equipment instead of the conventional fixtures

for toilets, faucets. showerheads, etc

Install sub-metering to monitor power consumption in various

sections
Retrofit Measures

Use heat recovery technologies such as rotary heat wheels and heat
pipes that can recover 50-80 % of the energy used to heat or cool
ventilation air supplied to the building

Apply thermal energy storage systems (ice storage or ice bank) that
offer a mean of using less-expensive off-peak power to produce cooling or
heating to condition the building during on-peak periods

Replace glass panes with laminated insulation boards as glass panes

result in large solar heat

Replace old reciprocating compressors with energy efficient screw

compressors

Optimise air conditioning requirements by measures such as use of false

ceiling and segregation of critical areas for air conditioning by providing
partitions.
Use day lighting controls

Install energy-efficient motors

Apply building integrated photovoltaic panels that can generate

electricity while absorbing solar radiation and reducing heat gain
through the building envelope (typically roofs)

Provide solar hot air generation system for laundry dryers

Install solar hot water system.

ENCON Opportunities in Elevator Systems
Switch off light and ventilation fans when not in use

Shut down one of the lifts in the lift bank during off-peak period

 Adopt elevator control system to schedule turning on or off of all

or some elevators during low usage periods

Adopt regenerative mode in elevators which can feed regenerative

power back into electrical distribution system, particularly for high
speed and high capacity elevators

Adopt energy efficient lighting system for elevator cars

Adopt traction elevators for new installations and when replacing

old hydraulic elevators
Consider variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) system for
motors which matches with load for new installations and retrofits

High efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motors, when used

along with the drive, can improve overall efficiency and contributes
significantly to energy conservation

Reduce capacity of elevator with smaller capacity or by reducing

the counterweight if capacity of existing elevator is higher.
Thank You