Name: Pankaj Pokharia

Class : 5th sem, M.C.A

E.No. : 0501184407

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 LANS: ETHERNET

LAN is a computer network that is designed for limited geographic area

such as building or a campus.

LAN can be used to connect computers in an organization for the purpose

of sharing resources.

LANs can also be linked with the WAN or the Internet.

LAN market have seen several technology but the most dominant today is
Ethernet.

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 ETHERNET

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC).

Ethernet chooses the base name “ether” from the old “luminiferous ether”
which was once thought to propagate electromagnetic waves through space.

Ethernet is most widely used local area networking (LAN) technology. With
time it has been constantly reinvented, evolving new capabilities and growing
to become the most popular network technology in the world.

Since then, it has gone through four generations.

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 Ethernet evolution through four generations

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 STANDARD ETHERNET

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines Ethernet at the physical and data link layers of the
OSI network model. Most Ethernet systems use the following:

Carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) for controlling

access to the network media.
Use base band broadcasts.
A method for packing data into data packets into frames.
Transmit at 10 mbps, 100 mbps and 1 Gbps.

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 Frame Format

IEEE 802.3 specifies one type of frame containing 7 fields:

Preamble, SFD, DA, SA, length/type of PDU, 802.2 frame (PDU) and the CRC.

Preamble: 1st field of 802.3 frame, contains 7 bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s
that alert the receiving system to the coming frame and enable it to synchronize its
input timing.

SFD: (Start Frame Delimiter): 2nd field of the 802.3 frame signals the beginning of
the frame having 1 byte length. It tells the receiver that everything that follows is data,
starting with the addresses.

DA: (Destination Address): The DA field is allotted 6 bytes and contains the physical
address of the destination station.

SA: (Source Address): The SA field is also allotted 6 bytes and contains the physical
address of the sender of the packet.

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 Frame Format

Length/type of PDU: It is defined as length or type field. It defines the type of PDU
packet encapsulated in the frame.
If the value of field is less than 1518, it defines length of data field.
If the value of field is more than 1536, it defines type of PDU
packet.

Data and Padding: This field carries data encapsulated from the upper layer protocol.

CRC: The last field in the 802.3 frame contains the error detection information, in this
case a CRC-32.

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 802.3 MAC frame

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 Minimum and maximum lengths

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 Addressing

Each station on an Ethernet network (such as PC, workstation or printer) has its own
NIC (Network Interface Card).

NIC fits inside the station and provides the station with a 6-byte physical address.

The Ethernet address is 6 bytes (48 bits) that is written is hexadecimal notation using
hyphen to separate bytes from each other.

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 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal
notation

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 Unicast and multicast addresses

Unicast address: defines 1 recipient i.e the relationship between sender and
receiver is 1-to-1.

Multicast address: defines a group of addresses i.e the relationship between

sender and the receiver is 1-to-many.

A source address is always a unicast address (the frame comes from only 1
station), and destination address can be unicast, multicast or broadcast.

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 Unicast and multicast addresses

The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast otherwise, it is multicast.

The broadcast destination address is a special case of the multicast address in

in which all bits are 1s.

The recipients are all the stations on the network. Destination address is 48 1s.

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 Categories of Standard Ethernet

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 10 BASE 5-Thick Ethernet

10Base5 - Uses Thicknet coaxial cable which requires a transceiver with a vampire
tap to connect each computer.

This type of Ethernet is subject to the 5-4-3 rule meaning there can be 5 network
segments with 4 repeaters, and three of the segments can be connected to computers.

It uses bus topology. Maximum segment length is 500 Meters with the maximum
overall length at 2500 meters.

 Minimum length between nodes is 2.5 meters. Maximum nodes per segment is 100.

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 10Base5 implementation

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 10 BASE 2-Thin Ethernet

10Base2 - Uses Thinnet coaxial cable. Uses a BNC connector and bus topology
requiring a terminator at each end of the cable.

 Uses the 5-4-3 rule meaning there can be 5 network segments with 4 repeaters, and
three of the segments can be connected to computers.

The maximum length of one segment is 185 meters. Minimum length between nodes
is 0.5 meters.

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 10Base2 implementation

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 10 BASE T - Twisted Pair Ethernet

10BaseT - Uses Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable instead of Coaxial cable. Uses
star topology. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is not part of the 10BaseT specification.

Not subject to the 5-4-3 rule. They can use category 3, 4, or 5 cable, but perform
best with category 5 cable. Category 3 is the minimum. Require only 2 pairs of wire.

Maximum segment length (hub to station) is 100 meters. Minimum length between
nodes is 2.5 meters.

 Maximum number of connected segments is 1024. Maximum number of nodes per

segment is 1 (star topology).

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 10Base-T implementation

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 10 BASE F – Fiber Optics Ethernet

 10BaseF - Uses Fiber Optic cable. Can have up to 1024 network nodes.

 Maximum segment length is 2000 meters. Uses specialized connectors for fiber
optics.

 Includes 3 category:

1. 10 Base FL: Used to link computers in the LAN environment, which is not
commonly done due to high cost.
2. 10 Base FP: Used to link computers with passive hubs to get cable distance up
to 500m.
3. 10 Base FB: Used as a backbone between hubs.

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 10Base-F implementation

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 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

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 Other Ethernet networks

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

several changes before moving to the higher data
rates. These changes actually opened the road to the
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs.

Bridged Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Full-Duplex Ethernet

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 Bridged Ethernet

The 1st step in the Ethernet evolution was the division of a LAN by bridges.

Bridges have 2 effects on an Ethernet LAN:

1.Raising the bandwidth.

2.Separate collision domain.

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 A network with and without a bridge

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 Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network

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 Switched Ethernet

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 Full-duplex switched Ethernet

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 FAST ETHERNET

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN protocols such as FDDI or Fiber
Channel. IEEE created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.

Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard Ethernet, but it can transmit

data 10 times faster at a rate of 100 Mbps.

There is no change in the frame format. There is no change is the access method. The
only 2 changes in the MAC layer are the data rate and the collision domain.
Data Rate: Increased by factor of 10.
Collision Domain: Decreased by factor of 10.

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 FAST ETHERNET

 Fast Ethernet uses star topology similar to 10 Base –T .

 Category of Fast Ethernet:

1. 100 Base-X : Uses 2 cables between the station and the hub
2. 100 Base-T4 : Requires category 3 cable with 4 pair.
Maximum distance is 100 meters.

100 Base –X is further divided into 100 Base –TX and 100 Base-FX.

100 Base –TX: Requires category 5 two pair cable. Maximum distance is 100 meters.

100BaseFX - Can use fiber optic to transmit up to 2000 meters. Requires two strands
of fiber optic cable.

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 Fast Ethernet topology

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 Fast Ethernet implementations

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 GIGABIT ETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the design of the Gigabit Ethernet
protocol (1000 Mbps). The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z.

The strategy is the same, the MAC layer and the access method remain the same, but
the collision domain is reduced.

Gigabit Ethernet is mainly designed to use optical fiber, although twisted pair cables
are also in use.

Gigabit Ethernet serves as a backbone to connect fast Ethernet networks.

4 implementations have been designed for Gigabit Ethernet:

1000 Base-SX, 1000 Base-LX, 1000 Base-CX, 1000 Base-T.

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 Comparison between Gigabit Ethernet Implementation

feature 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Medium Optical fiber Optical fiber STP UTP

(multimode) (multimode &
single mode)
Signal Short wave Long wave Electrical Electrical
laser laser

Max. 550m 550m 25m 25m

Distance (multimode)
5000m (single
mode)

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 Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet

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