ZOONOSIS

A disease primarily of animals which can

be transmitted to man directly or
indirectly from infected animal
ZOONOSIS

 Brucelosis
 Plague
 Listeiosis
 Anthrax
 Tolaremia
 Erysiploid
Brucella

 Six species of Brucella

 B.melitensis, B.abortus, B.suis,
B.canis
 Sir David Bruce – 1887 B.melitensis
from spleen of fatal case of Malta
fever.(Brucellusis)
 ,Bernhard Bang 1897 Abortion in
cattle (Bangs Disease)
 Brucella

 Undulant fever, Malta fever,

Mediterranean remittent fever
Culture

 Aerobic
 Slow growth
 Grow on simple medias
 Erythritol (a CHO) stimulates growth
 Small greyish semi opaque colonies
 On potato agar yellowish brown pigment
Brucella

 small (0.5 × 0.6 to 1.5 μm), nonmotile,

nonencapsulated, gram-negative
coccobacilli
 grows slowly
 strictly aerobic
 does not ferment carbohydrates
 Indole is not produced
 Gelatin is not liquefied
 B.aborts & b.suis produce H2S
Brucella

 endotoxin is less toxic

 intracellular parasite
 the organisms are phagocytosed by
macrophages and monocytes
 phagocytosed bacteria are carried to the
spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes
 the bacteria secrete proteins that induce
granuloma formation
Pathogenicity

 Intracellular pathogen that is resistant to

killing in serum and by phagocytes
 Smooth colonies associated with
virulence
 goats and sheep (Brucella melitensis)
 cattle (Brucella abortus)
 swine (Brucella suis)
 dogs, foxes (Brucella canis)
Brucella


 Vaccination of animals
 Direct contact with the organism (e.g., a
laboratory exposure), ingestion (e.g.,
consumption of contaminated food
products), or inhalation
Brucella

 Brucella causes mild or asymptomatic

disease in the natural host
 (breast, uterus, placenta)
 Brucellae are shed in high numbers in
milk, urine, and birth products
 B.melitensis is the most common spp
Clinical diseases

 Brucellosis: Initial nonspecific

symptoms of malaise, chills, sweats,
fatigue, myalgias, weight loss,
arthralgias, and fever; can be intermittent
(undulant fever)
 can progress to systemic involvement
(gastrointestinal tract, bones or joints,
respiratory tract, other organs)
Route of infection

 Ingestion of infected milk

 Mucus membranes –droplets
 Contact with skin—contact with infected
animal or tissue
 To lymphatics—thorecic duct – blood
 Granulomas – abscess—may devalop in
lymphatic tissue,liver,spleen,bone
marrow
 Occasionally–
osteomylitis,minigitis,cholecyctitis
 Main histologic reaction is proliferation of
mononuclear cells,exudation of
fibrin,coagulation necrosis and fibrosis.
 Granulomas with epithelioid cells and
giant cells.
Clinical diseases

 Incubation period 1-6 weeks

 Fever rises in the afternoon
 Falling at night by drenching sweat
 Lymph nodeps enlarge, Splenomagaly
 Hepatitis, osteomyelitis
 Generalized infection subsides usually
 A chronic state may occur
Culture / Diagnosis
 grow slowly
 most enriched blood agars
 microscopic and colonial morphology
 positive oxidase and urease reactions
 B. abortus and B. melitensis, B. abortus,
and B. suis will react with antisera
prepared against B. abortus or B.
melitensis
Serology

 IgM, IgG, IgA

 Four fold increase or 1/80 indicate active
infection
 If agglutination negative “blocking
antibodies” add antihumanglobulin
Treatment

 Doxycycline+rifampin
 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for
pregnant women and for children
younger than 8 years
 6 weeks or longer
 Fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins,
and cephalosporins either ineffective or
have unpredictable activity.
 Francisella

 Species :
 Francisella tularensis
 Francisella holarctica
 Francisella novocid
 Fracisella philomiragia
 the causative agent of tularemia (also
called glandular fever, rabbit fever, tick
fever, and deer fly fever) in animals and
humans
 very small (0.2 × 0.2 to 0.7 μm), faintly
staining, gram-negative coccobacillus
 nonmotile
 thin lipid capsule
 fastidious requirements (most strains
require cysteine for growth)
 strictly aerobic and requires 3 or more
days
 Antiphagocytic capsule
 Intracellular pathogen resistant to killing in
serum and by phagocytes
 Wild mammals, domestic animals, birds, fish,
and blood-sucking arthropods are reservoirs;
rabbits and hard ticks are most common hosts;
humans are accidental hosts
 Worldwide distribution
 The infectious dose is very small
 Human tularemia is acquired most often from
the bite of an infected orthropodes and fleas
 From contact with an infected animal (domstic
pet) or tissue or ingestion of contaminated food
or water
 F. tularensis requires as few as 10 organisms
when exposure is by an arthropod bite
 Ulceroglandular tularemia: Painful papule develops
at the site of inoculation that progresses to ulceration;
localized lymphadenopathy
 Oculoglandular tularemia: Following inoculation into
the eye (e.g., rubbing eye with a contaminated finger),
painful conjunctivitis develops with regional
lymphadenopathy
 Pneumonic tularemia: Pneumonitis with signs of
sepsis develops rapidly after exposure to contaminated
aerosols; high mortality unless promptly diagnosed and
treated
 Ulceroglandular tularemia is the most common
manifestation
Francisella-Diagnosis
 F. tularensis are hazardous for both the physician and
the laboratory worker
 Microscopy is insensitive due yo small size and faintly
staining
 Fluorescein-labeled antibodies
 PCR
 F. tularensis can grow on chocolate agar or buffered
charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar, media
supplemented with cysteine
 a fourfold or greater increase in the titer of antibodies
during the illness or a single titer of 1:160 or greater