CERVICAL CANCER

JESSICA MYRA TANTHO (K011171808) & TYA PUTRI PERMATA (K011171811)

WHAT IS CERVIX?

The cervix is part of the female reproductive

system. The cervix is a cylinder-shaped neck of
tissue that connects the vagina and uterus. It is
approximately two inches long, and it's tubular in
shape. Located at the lowermost portion of the
uterus, the cervix is composed primarily of
fibromuscular tissue
 It facilitates the passage of
sperm into the uterine cavity.

FUNCTION OF Maintains sterility of the upper

CERVIX female reproductive tract

It also allows for the passage of

menstrual fluid from the uterus.
WHAT IS CERVICAL
CANCER?
Occurs when the cells of the cervix grow
abnormally and invade other tissues and
organs of the body. Cervical cancer is caused
by a virus called HPV
 Stage 1 Cancer cells have grown from the surface into deeper tissues of the
cervix, and possibly into the uterus and to nearby lymph nodes

The cancer has now moved beyond the cervix and uterus, but not as

4 STAGES OF Stage 2 far as the walls of the pelvis or the lower part of the vagina. It may or
may not affect nearby lymph nodes.

CERVICAL
CANCER Stage 3
Cancer cells are present in the lower part of the vagina or the walls of
the pelvis, and it may be blocking the ureters, the tubes that carry
urine from the bladder. It may or may not affect nearby lymph nodes.

The cancer affects the bladder or rectum and is growing out of the

Stage 4 pelvis. It may or may not affect the lymph nodes. Later in stage 4, it
will spread to distant organs, including the liver, bones, lungs, and
lymph nodes.
NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL CANCER
 The top 10 countries with the highest rates of cervical cancer in
2018 are given in the table below.
Rank Country Age-standardised rate per 100,000
• 1 Swaziland 75.3

PREVALENCE • 2
• 3
Malawi
Zambia
72.9
66.4

OF CERVICAL • 4
• 5
Zimbabwe
Tanzania
62.3
59.1

CANCER • 6
• 7
Burundi
Uganda
57.4
54.8
• 8 Lesotho 52.1
• 9 Madagascar 51.6
• 10 Comoros 50.9
 The cause of a symptom may be a different medical
condition that is not cancer, which is why women need to
seek medical care if they have a new symptom that does
SYMPTOMS OF not go away.

CERVICAL Any of the following could be signs or symptoms of cancer:

• Blood spots or light bleeding between or following periods

CERVIX • Menstrual bleeding that is longer and heavier than usual

• Bleeding after intercourse, douching, or a pelvic examination
• Increased vaginal discharge
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Bleeding after menopause
• Unexplained, persistent pelvic and/or back pain
WAY TO DIAGNOSE
CERVICAL CANCER

1. Pap test
During a Pap test, the doctor takes a sample of cells
from the surface of the cervix inside the vagina, and
then sends the sample to be reviewed by
pathologists in a lab at DF/BWCC. If abnormal cells
are found, follow-up tests will be performed. If
cervical cancer is detected, you will be assigned a
dedicated team to provide personalized treatment.
WAY TO DIAGNOSE CERVICAL CANCER
2. DNA test
When precancerous or cancerous cells are found through a Pap test or pelvic
examination, we may perform cervical biopsies, to determine the presence of
cervical cancer. During a biopsy a small portion of cervical cells or tissues will be
removed for examination. One or more tests may be required, and additional
treatment may follow. Some of the diagnostic tests that may be needed include:
 Colposcopy
 Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
 Cone biopsy (conization):
WAY TO DIAGNOSE CERVICAL CANCER

3. Determining the stage of cervical cancer

If cervical cancer is found after a biopsy, further tests are conducted to
determine if the cancer cells have spread within the cervix or to other
parts of the body. The process used to find out if, and how far, the
cancer has spread beyond the cervix is called staging. Tests and
procedures that may be used in the staging process include CT scan,
PET scan, MRI, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT
OF CERVICAL CANCER?
Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy,
or a combination. The choice of treatment depends on the size of
the tumor, whether the cancer has spread and whether you would
like to become pregnant someday
 Getting vaccinated against HPV – HPV
vaccinations are available for women once
they reach puberty. It is most effective if
given once the individual is sexually active
and in the risk of contracting the disease.

HOW TO
PREVENT Having safe sexual intercourse: Using
protection during sexual intercourse is the
best way to prevent HPV and other STDs to
CERVICAL latch on.

CANCER?
Getting checked up by the doctor: Regular
pap tests will reveal if there are precancerous
conditions in the cervix and early treatment
can be initiated.
• How to encourage women to do screening cervical cancer?
• Why cervical cancer mostly happen in developing country?
• Risk factor of cervical cancer?
• Apakah ada vaksin kanker cervix?
• Can you have sexually active when you have cervical cancer?
• Apakah dengan mengangkat servix bisa menyembuhkan penyakit?
• Is there any complication cause by cervical cancer?
• Asal mula HPV?