TODDLER ( 1-3Y.O.

)
PHYSICAL GROWTH
1.WEIGHT, HEIGHT & CIRCUMFERENCE
>weight & height are plotted on standard growth
chart to determine if progress is normal
>gains only about 5.6lbs (2.5kg) 5 in(12cm) a
year during toddler period
6MONTHS-1YR
>head circumference is equal to chest
conference
2YRS
>chest circumference is greater than head
2. BODY CONTOUR
>has prominent abdomen- a
pouchy belly because
abdominal muscles are not
strong enough to support
abdominal contents
>have a forward curve of
spine at sacral area (lordosis)
3. BODY SYSTEM
>respirations slow slightly be continue to be
mainly abdominal
>heart rate slows from 110-90bpm
>increased blood pressure about 99/64mmHg
>brain develops about 90% of adult,child can
eat 3x a day, secreations become more acid
>urinary and anal sphincter control becomes
possible
>in immune system, 19g and 1gm antibody
production becomes more mature at 2yrs of
age
4. TEETH
> 8 new teeth ( canines and
first molars) erupt during the
second year- chewing
>all 20 decidous teeth are
generally present by 2 1/2-3
years of age
MOTOR
DEVELOPMENT
A. GROSS MOTOR

1YR 3 MONTHS
>walks alone well
>can seat self in chair
>can creep uptairs
1YR & 1/2
>can run jump in place
>can walk up and down
>stairs or railings
>typically places both feet on one step before
advancing
2 YEARS
>walks uptairs alone,still using both feet on same
step at the same time

2 1/2 YEARS
>can jump down from chairs
FINE MOTOR
1YEAR 3 MONTHS
>puts small pellets into small bottles,subscribes
voluntarily with a pencil or crayon
>holds spoon well but may still turn it upside
down on the way to mouth
1 1/2 YR
>no longer rotates spoons to bring it to mouth
2YRS
>can open doors by turning doorknobs
2 1/2 YRS
>make simple lines or stroke for crosses with a
pencil
DEVELOPMENT MILESTONE
>less dramatic than those of infant year because
this period is slow and steady not sudden
growth
1.LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
"NO" word frequently used by toddlers and a
manifestation of developing autonomy
1 YR 3 MONTHS>4-6 words
1 1/2 YR
>7-20 words,uses a jargon words,name one
body part
2 YRS
>50 words, 2 sentences (noun-pronoun & verbs)
such as " DADDY GO " MY COME"
2 1/2 YRS
>verbal language increasing,knows full
name,can name one color,holds up fingers to
show age
2. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
>development task autonomy vs.
shame or doubt
>children who have learned to trust
themselves during infant year are
better prepared to do this than those
who cannot trust themselves during
infant year are better prepared to do
this than those who cannot trust
>children who constantly told not to try
things because they will hurt
themselves may be left with stronger
sense of doubt than confidence
>children who are made to feel that it is
wrong to be independent may leave
the toddler period with stronger sense
of shame than autonomy
>health level of autonomy is achieved
when parents are able to encourage
independence while still maintaining
consistently sound rules for safety
3. SOCIALIZATION
>becomes resistant to sitting on laps and being
cuddled, function of being independent
15 MONTHS
>are still enthusiastic about interacting with
people taht are willing to follow the toddlers
where they want to go
18 MONTHS
>imitate things they set a parents to observe and
initiate interactions
2 YRS OR MORE
>become aware of gender differences and may
point out to other children and identify them as
"boy" or "girl"
4. PARALLEL PLAY
>children play beside the children next
to them not with them
>is not unfriendly but a normal
development sequence
Example of toys children can control
giving them sense of power
manipulation an expression of
autonomy
>trucks they can make go
>squeky frogs they can squeeze
>waddling ducks they can pull
• 15 MONTHS
>still in a put-in take-out stage continue to enjoy stacks of
boxes or balls that fit inside each other
>enjoy throwing toys out of playpen or from high chair tray
as long as someone will pick them up and return them
again and again
• 18 MONTHS
>enjoy pull toys
>toys should be strong enough to take a great deal of abuse
>if a toddler finds a toy frustrating because he/she is holding
or using it incorrectly,showing the child the right way will
ease frustration
• 2 YRS OLD
> spend time imitating adult actions in their play
example -warpping a doll and putting it to bed,setting the
table,driving the carbohydrate
5. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
12-18 MONTHS
>sensorimotor stage 5, tertiary circular
reaction stage, toddler is described as
" little scientist" because child's interest
is trying to discover new ways to
handle objects or new results different
actions can achieve, trial & error stage
Example: toodlers discover cats do not
like baths and that cookies at the
center of the table can be reached by
crawling up or pulling a table cloth
• 18-24 MONTHS
> sensorimotor stage 6
>are able to try out various actions mentally rather than to
aactually having to perform them
>beginning of problem solving or symbolic thought
>deffered imitations- remember an action and imitate later
• 21MONTHS
>preoperational thought, able to use assimilation or change
situation to fit thoughts
example:they are given toy hammer,instead of pounding
with it thy night shake it to see if it rattles,using the toy in a
way that they had prev. played(the child has changed the
toys use to fit his/her thoughts or used assimilation
•C. PRE-SCHOOLER
1. PHYSICAL GROWTH
• WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
>weight gain - is slight
>is average gain is only 4.5lbs (2kg)
A year during this period
>only 2.3-5 inches (6-8CM) a yr on average
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
>is not routinely measured physical assessment
on children over 2 years of age
TEETH
>generally have all 20 of their deciduos teeth by
age of three years
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
• LAUNGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
3 YEARS OLD - 900 WORDS
>used to ask questions canstantly,mostly "how"
& "why", child need simple answer so curiosity
vocabulary building and questioning are
encouraged and also because the children
dept of understanding is often deceptive
4 YEARS OLD
>1500 words, continue ask questions
5 YEARS OLD
>2100 words
• PLAY
>imaginations are kenner than they will
fantasy, be at any other time in their
lives
>enjoy games taht use imitation such as
playing house
>3 years old- pretending is a major
activity
>5 yrs old like games with numbers or
letter
• EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
>developmental task
>initiative vs guilt
>child with well developed sense of
initiative has discovered that learning
about things is fun
>if children are criticized or punished
attempts at initiative,they develop a
sense of guilt for wanting to try new
activities to have new experiences
PRESCHOOLERS SHOULD HAVE EXPOSURE
TO PLAY MATERIALS SUCH:
• finger play
• soapy water to splash blow into
bubbles
• mud to make pies
• sand to build castles
• modelling clay or homemade dough to
mold figures
• IMITATION
>preshooler need free rein to imitate the
roles of people around them
Example. A child is a police officer and
is busy putting out fires and stopping
playmates from sleeping
THE FACT HE IS FREELY IMITATING A ROLE
IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE FACT
THAT HE IS ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN OF
ADULT ROLE.
>children generally imitate activities
they see their parents performing at
home
• FANTASY
>cannot differentiate between fantasy and reality ( believe
cartoon characters are real
>some become intense about fantasy role that they have
become "stuck" in their fantasies - such intense
involvement in play is a part of "magical thinking" or
believing the thoughts and wishes come true
EXAMPLE a preschooler may pretend she is a white rabbit
delivering easter eggs
>a good response for the mother would be to support the
imitation,this age appropriate behaviot and a good way of
exploring roles - but help the child maintain a difference
between pretend and real,she might say "what a nice
white rabbit you are"
Pretending to be: a supporting the fantasy and yet
reassuring the child that she is still herself
• DEDIPUS AND ELECTRA COMPLEXES
• DEDIPUS COMPLEX
>refers to the strong emotional attachment of a
preschooler boy to his mother
• ELECTRA COMPLEX
>attachment of a preschooler girl to her father
EACH CHILD COMPETES WITH THE SAME SEX
PARENT FOR THE LOVE AND ATTENTION OF THE
PARENT
PARENTS CAN BE REASSURED THAT HIS/HER
PHENOMENOM OF COMPETITION AND
ROMANCE IN PRESCHOOLER IS NORMAL
• GENDER ROLES
>preschooler need exposure to an adult of
opposite gender roles
>single parent should plan oppurtunities for their
children to spend some time with adults other
than temselves such as grandparent,an aunt or
an uncle
>who is do not whant their children to grow up
as they did with a fixed role as a result of
gender streotyping should be aware that they
reinforce such attitude by their actions as well
as their words
• SOCIALIZATION
3 YEARS OLD
>capable of sharing, rays with children their age
much more agreeably than do toddlers,this is the
reason why preschooler period is a sensitive and
critical time for socialization
4 YEARS OLD
>continue to enjoy play groups, may become
involved in arguments more, especially as they
become more certain of their role in the group
5 YEARS OLD
>child begins to develop best friendship, perhaps
on the basis of who he/she walk to school with or
who lives closest to him/her
5. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
>at age 3 cognitive development according to
piaget is still preoperational
>children at this period do enter a second
phase called invitional thought, they lack
insight to view themselves as others see them
or put themselves in another's place
>are also no yet aware of the property of
conservation
-means if they have two balls of clay of equal
size but one is squashed flatter and wider than
the other, preschooler will insist that the flatter
one is bigger because it is taller
• MORAL AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
>determine right from wrong based on
their parents rules
>have little understanding of the
rationale for these rules or even
whether the rules are consistent
>begin to have an element concept of
good if they have been provided some
form of religious training
D. SCHOOL AGE
(6-12y.o)
1.PHYSICAL GROWTH
WEIGHT GROWTH
>annual average weight gain is approximately
3-5lbs
HEIGHT
>increase in height is 1-2 inches (2.5-5 cm)
10 YEARS OLD
>brain growth complete, is a result fine motor
coordination become refined, as the eye
globe reaches it final stage at about this adult
vision level is achieved
>immonoglobins IGH and IGA reach adult
levels,lymphatic tissue continue to grow until
about age 9
• ABOUT 6 YEARS OLD
- frontal sinuses developed and sinus,
headache becomes a possibility
-left ventricle of heart enlarges to be strong
enough to pump blood to growing body
-pr decreases to 70-80bpm blood pressure rises
to about 112/60 mmHg
SEXUAL MATURATION
>timing varies widely between 10 and 14 years
of age
>puberty/sexual maturation
A. girls occurs between 12 and 19 yrs
B. boys occurs between 14 and 29 yrs
• CHRONOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC
• 9-12 years
BOYS
>prepubertal weight gain occur
GIRLS
>breast elevation of pappilla w/ breast bud formation,areolar
diameter enlarges
• 11-12
• BOYS
>sparse growth of straight,downy,slightly pigmented hair at base
of penis
GIRLS
>straight hair along the labia vaginal epithelium becomes
cornified
BOYS
>scrotum becomes textures, growth of penis and testes begins
GIRLS
>ph of vagina secretions acid,slight mocous vaginal as charged
present
BOYS
>sebaceous gland secretion increases
>perspiration increases
GIRLS
>sebaceous gland secretion increases
>perspiration increases
>dramatic growth spurt
12-13
BOYS
>pubic hair present across the pubic
>penis lengthens
>dramatic linear growth spurt,breast
enlargement occurs
• GIRLS
>pubic hair grows darker spread over the entire
pubis
>breasr enlarge,still no protrusion of nipples
>axillary hair present menarche occurs
TEETH
-decidous teeth are lost and permanent teeth
are erupt
-average child gains 29 teeth between 6-12
years of age,central and lateral incisors first
second round molars
• DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
6 YEARS
-endlessly jump, tumble and hop
-walks in a straight line
-able to ride a two-wheel bicycle
-can skip rope with practise
7 YEARS
-appears quiet compared with rough & tumble 6 yrs old
-have enough accuracy in jumping
-gender differences usually begins to manifest in play
-girl games dressing dolls
-boy games pretending to be pirates
• 8 yrs
-more graceful
-ride a bicycle and enjoys sports such as gymnastics,
soccer & hockey
• 9yrs
-are on the go constantly, have enough eye-hand
coordination
• 10yrs
-are more interesting in perfecting sport skill previously
• 11yrs
-many children feel awkward because of their growth spurt
and thus do less well in sports
• 12 yrs
-plunge into activities w/ intensity and concentration, able
to handle great deal of responsibility and complete given
task
• FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• 6 yrs
-easily tie their shoe laces, can cut and paste
and draw a person with good detail
• 7 yrs
-called "eraser year" because children are
never quiet content with what they have done
-eyes are developed enough so that they can
read regular- size type
• 8 yrs
-learn to read and write script rather than print
• 9 yrs
-writing begins to look mature and less
awkward
• PLAY
6 yrs old - discover reading as an enjoyable
activity
7 yrs old - require more props for play,develop
an of collecting items
8 yrs old - like table games but hate to lose,
avoid competitive games
9 yrs old - play hard, plan something ahead of
time
10 yrs old - spend most time playing
handheld/television, they become interested
in the way they look and dress
11 & 12 yrs olds - enjoy dancing, time with
friends often spent
YES!!!