E 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

E 2 . 1 W I N D L O A D PA R A M E T E R S

• Basic Wind Speed, V (Section 207A.5)

• W i n d d i r e c t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r, K d ( S e c t i o n 2 0 7 A . 6 )
• Exposure category (Section 207A.7)
• To p o g r a p h i c f a c t o r, K z t ( S e c t i o n 2 0 7 A . 8 )
• Gust Effect Factor (Section 207A.9)
• Enclosure classification (Section 207A. 10 )
• I n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t , G C p i ( S e c t i o n 2 0 7 A . 11 )
Basic Wind Speed , V
Basic Wind Speed , V
Basic Wind Speed , V
Wind Directionality
Factor , Kd
Internal pressure
coefficient ,GCpi
 E 2.2 Minimum Design Wind Pressure FR
The design wind pressure for components and cladding of buildings shall not
be less than a net pressure of 0.77 kN/𝑚2 acting in either direction normal to
the surface.

E 2.3 Tributary Areas Greater than 65 𝑚2

Component and cladding elements with tributary areas greater than 65𝑚2 shall
be permitted to be designed using the provisions for MWFRS.

E 2.4 External Pressure Coefficients

Combined gust effect factor and external pressure coefficients for components
and cladding, (GCp ), are given in the figures associated with this chapter. The
pressure coefficient values and gust effect factor shall not be separated.

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 E 3 VELOCITY PRESSURE FR

E 3.1 VELOCITY PRESSURE EXPOSURE COEFFICIENT

Based on the exposure category determined in Section 207A.7.3, a velocity

pressure exposure coefficient Kz or Kh , as applicable, shall be determined
from Table 207E.3-1. For a site located in a transition zone between exposure
categories, that is, near to a change in ground surface roughness, intermediate
values of Kz or Kh, between those shown in Table 207E.3-1, are permitted,
provided that they are determined by a rational analysis method defined in the
recognized literature.

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 FR
E 3.2 VELOCITY PRESSURE

qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 (N/m2 )

• qz - velocity pressure calculated at height z

• Kz - velocity pressure exposure coefficient , Section 207 E.3.1
• Kzt - topographic factor defined , Section 207 A.8
• Kd - wind directionality factor , Section 207 A.6
• V - basic wind speed in m/s

The numerical coefficient 0.613 shall be used except where sufficient climatic data are
available to justify the selection of a different value of this factor for a design
application
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FR
 FR
Note :

1. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz may be determined from the following formula:

For 4.57m ≤ z ≤ zg
Kz = 2.01 ( z / zg ) 2 / α

For z < 4.57m

Kz = 2.01 ( 4.57 / zg ) 2 / α

2. α and zg are tabulated in Table 207 A.9-1

3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height z is acceptable
4. Exposure categories are defined in Section 207 A.7
Part 1: Low-Rise Buildings
 207E.4 Building Types
• applicable to an enclosed and
partially enclosed
• Low-rise building
• Building with h < 1 8 m
• h a s a f l a t r o o f, g a b l e r o o f,
m u l t i s p a n g a b l e r o o f, h i p r o o f,
m o n o s l o p e r o o f, s t e p p e d r o o f,
o r s a w t o o t h r o o f.
 FR

P = qh[(GCp) - (GCpi )] (N/m2) 207E.4-1

207E.4.2 Design Wind
qz = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h as defined Pressures
in Section 207E.3
(GCp )= external pressure coefficients given in:
• Figure 207E.4-1 (walls)
• Figures. 207E.4-2A to 207E.4-2C (flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip
roofs)
• Figure 207E.4-3 (stepped roofs)
• Figure 207E.4-4 (multispan gable roofs)
• Figures 207E.4-5A and 207E.4-5B (monoslope roofs)
• Figure 207E.4-6 (sawtooth roofs)
• Figure 207E.4-7 (domed roofs)
• Figure 207B.4-3, footnote 4 (arched roofs)
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient given in Pl Table 207A. 11

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 207E.4.1 Conditions
determination of the design
wind pressures on the
components and claddings
using the provisions of Section
207E.4.2 the conditions
indicated on the selected
figure(s) shall be applicable to
the building under
consideration.
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 FR

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 FR

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 FR
Table 207E.4-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads Enclosed
and Partially Enclosed Low-rise Buildings
Step 1 : Determine risk category of building or other structure, see Table 103-1

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 207A.51A, B or C

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

> Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1

> Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 207A.7

> Topographic factor, Kzt , see Section 207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1

> Enclosure classification, see Section 207A. 10

> Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi ), see Section 207A.1 1 and Table 207A.1 1-1

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz or Kh, see Table 207E.3-1

Step 5: Determine velocity equation 207E.3-1 pressure, qh, see

Step 6: Determine (GCP ) external pressure coefficient,

> Walls, see Figure 207E.4-1 > Flat roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs, see Figure 207E.4-2

> Stepped roofs, see Figure 207E.4-3

> Multispan gable roofs, see Figure 207E.4-4

> Monoslope roofs, see Figure 207E.4-5

> Sawtooth roofs, see Figure 207E.4-6

> Domed roofs, see Figure 207E.4-7

> Arched roofs, see Figure 207B.4-3

footnote 4
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Step 7 : Calculate wind pressure, p, Equation 207E.4-1
Part 2: Low-Rise
Buildings (Simplified)
207E.5 Building Types
The provisions of Section 207E.5 are
applicable to an enclosed:
• Low-rise building (see definition in
Section 207A.2)
• Building with h < 18 m
T h e b u i l d i n g h a s a f l a t r o o f, g a b l e
r o o f, o r h i p r o o f. T h e s t e p s r e q u i r e d
for the determination of wind loads
on components and cladding for these
b u i l d i n g t y p e s a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e
207E.5- 1
207E.5.1 Conditions
For the design of components and cladding the building
shall comply with all the following conditions:
1 . The mean roof height h must be less than or equal to 18 m (i.e. h
< 18 m).
2. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 207A.2 and
conforms to the wind-borne debris provisions of Section 207A.10.3.
3. The building is a regular-shaped building or structure as defined in
Section 207A.2.
4. The building does not have response characteristics making it –
subject to across wind loading, vortex shedding, or instability due to
galloping or flutter; and it does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
warrant special consideration.
5. The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with 9 < 45°, or a
hip roof with 0 < 27°.

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 FR
207E.5.2 Design Wind
Pressure
Pnet = λKztPnet9 (207E.5-1)

λ = adjustment factor for building height and exposure

from Figure 207E.5-1
Kzt = topographic factor as defined in Section 207A.8
evaluated at 0.33 mean roof height, 0. 33h
Pnet30 = net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at
h = 9 m, from Figure 207E.5-1

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FR

24
 FR
Table 207E.5-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads Enclosed
Low-rise Buildings(Simplified Method)
Step Determine risk category, see Table 103-1
1 : Step Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the
2: applicable risk category, see Figure 207A.51A, B or C
Step Determine wind load parameters:
3:
> Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 207A.7
> Topographic factor, Kzt , see Section 207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1
Step Enter figure to determine wind pressures
4: at h = 9 m., pnet9? see Figure 207E.5-1
Step Enter figure to determine adjustment for
5: building height and exposure, A, see Figure 207E.5-1
Step Determine adjusted wind pressures, pnet , see
6: Equation 207E.5-1.

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Part 3: Buildings with
ft > 18
207E.6 Building Types
a re a p p l i ca b l e to a n e n c l o s e d
or partially enclosed building
w i t h a m e a n ro o f h e i g ht f t >
1 8 m w i t h a f l at ro o f, p i tc h e d
ro o f, ga b l e ro o f, h i p ro o f,
m a n s a rd ro o f, a rc h e d ro o f, o r
d o m e d ro o f. T h e ste p s
re q u i re d fo r t h e
d e te r m i n at i o n o f w i n d l o a d s
o n co m p o n e nt s a n d c l a d d i n g
fo r t h e s e b u i l d i n g t y p e s a re
s h o w n i n Ta b l e 2 0 7 E . 6 - 1 .
 207E.6.1 Conditions
For the determination of the
design wind pressures on the
component and cladding using the
provisions of Section 207E.6.2, the
conditions indicated on the
selected flgure(s) shall be
applicable to the building under
consideration.

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 FR
207E.6.2 Design
p = q(GCp) - (GCpi ) (N/m2) 207E.6-1 Wind Pressures
q= qz for windward walls calculated at height z above the ground
q= qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs evaluated at height h
qi= qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for
negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
qi= qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is
defined as the level of the highest opening in
the building that could affect the positive internal pressure. For positive internal pressure
evaluation, qi may conservatively be evaluated at height h(qi = qh)
(GCP ) =External pressure coefficients given in:
• Figure 207E.6-1 for walls and flat roofs
• Figure 207B.4- 3, footnote 4, for arched roofs
• Figure 207E.4-7 for domed roofs
• Note 6 of Figure 207E.6
(GCpi) Internal pressure coefficient given in
Table 207A.11-1
q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure defined in Section 207A.1 1-1

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 FR

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 FR

Exception;
In buildings with a mean roof height ft greater than 18 m and less
than 27.4 m, (GCp) values from Figures 207E.4-1 through 207E.4-6
shall be permitted to be used if the height to width ratio is one or
less.

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 FR
Part 4: Buildings with h ≤ 48 m (Simplified)
207E.7 Building Types

The provisions of Section 207E.7 are applicable to an enclosed

building having a mean roof height h ≤ 49 m with a flat roof, gable roof,
hip roof, monoslope roof, or mansard roof. The steps required for the
determination of wind loads on components and cladding for these building
types are shown in Table 207E.7-1.
 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads FR
Enclosed Building with h > 48.8m
Step 1: Determine risk category, see Table 103-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 207A.5-1A,
B or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 207A.7
Step 4: Enter Table 207E.7-2 to determine pressure on walls and roof, 𝒑, using Equation 207E.7-1.
Roof types are:
Flat roof (𝚹 < 10°)
Gable roof
Hip roof
Monoslope roof
Mansard roof
Step 5: Determine topographic factors, 𝑲𝒛𝒕 , and apply factor to pressures determined from tables (if
applicable), see Section 207A.8
207E.7.1 Wind Loads—Components and FR
Cladding
207E.7.1.1 Wall and Roof Surfaces
Design wind pressures on the designated zones of walls and roofs surfaces shall
be determined from Table 207E.7-2 based on the applicable basic wind speed V, mean
roof height h, and roof slope 𝚹. Tabulated pressures shall be multiplied by the exposure
adjustment factor (EAF) shown in the table if exposure is different than Exposure C.
Pressures in Table 207E.7-2 are based on an effective wind area of 0.93 m2 . Reductions
in wind pressure for larger effective wind areas may be taken based on the reduction
multipliers (RF) shown in the table. Pressures are to be applied over the entire zone
shown in the figures. Final design wind pressure shall be determined from the following
equation:
 FR

𝒑 = 𝒑𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑬𝑨𝑭)(𝑹𝑭)𝑲𝒛𝒕 (207E.7-1)

where:
𝑹𝑭 = effective area reduction factor from Table 207E.7-2
𝑬𝑨𝑭 = Exposure adjustment factor from Table 207E.7-2
𝑲𝒛𝒕 = topographic factor as defined in
Section 207A.8
 FR

207E.7.1.2 Parapets

Design wind pressures on parapet surfaces shall be based on wind

pressures for the applicable edge and corner zones in which the parapet is
located, as shown in Table 207E.7-2, modified based on the following two
load cases:
 FR

Load Case A shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall

pressure from the table to the front surface of the parapet while applying
the applicable negative edge or corner zone roof pressure from the table to
the back surface.

Load Case B shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall

pressure from the table to the back of the parapet surface and applying the
applicable negative wall pressure from the table to the front surface.
 FR

207E.7.1.3 Roof Overhangs

Design wind pressures on roof overhangs shall be based on wind

pressures shown for the applicable zones in Table 207E.7-2 modified as
described herein. For Zones 1 and 2, a multiplier of 1.0 shall be used on
pressures shown in Table 207E.7-2. For Zone 3, a multiplier of 1.15 shall
be used on pressures shown in Table 207E.7-2.
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Part 5: Open Buildings
207E.8 Building Types

The provisions of Section 207E.8 are applicable to an open building

of all heights having a pitched free roof, monosloped free roof, or troughed
free roof. The steps required for the determination of wind loads on
components and cladding for these building types is shown in Table
207E.8-1.
Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads FR
Open Buildings
Step 1: Determine risk category, see Table 103-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category, see Figure 207A.5-1A, B or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
 Wind directionality factor , 𝑲𝒛𝒕 , see Section 207A.6 and Table 207A.6-1
 Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 207A.7
 Topographic factor , 𝑲𝒛𝒕 , see Section 207A.8 and Figure 207A.8-1
 Gust effect factor, G, see Section 207A.9
Step 4 : Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, , 𝑲𝒛 or 𝑲𝒉 , see Table 207E.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, 𝒒𝒉 , see Equation 207E.3-1
Step 6: Determine net pressure coefficients, 𝑪𝑵 ,
 Monosloped roof, see Figure 207E.8-1
 Pitched roof, see Figure 207E.8-2
 Troughed roof, see Figure 207E.8-3
Step 7 : Calculate wind pressure, 𝒑, see Equation 207E.8-1
 FR
207E.8.1 Conditions
For the determination of the design wind pressures on components
and claddings using the provisions of Section 207E.8.2, the conditions
indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the building under
consideration.

207E.8.2 Design Wind Pressures

The net design wind pressure for component and cladding elements
of open buildings of all heights with monoslope, pitched, and troughed
roofs shall be determined by the following equation:
 FR
𝒑 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝑵 (207E.8-1)

where
𝒒𝒉 = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure
as defined in Section 207A.7.3 that results in the highest wind loads for any
wind direction at the site
G = gust-effect factor from Section 207A.9
𝑪𝑵 = net pressure coefficient given in:
 • Figure 207E.8-1 for monosloped roof
 • Figure 207E.8-2 for pitched roof
 • Figure 207E.8-3 for troughed roof