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Chapter 2ihrm
Chapter 2ihrm
THE CULTURAL
CONTEXT OF IHRM
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
1 of 27
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THE CULTURAL
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CONTEXT OF IHRM
Vocabulary
Objectives
Definitions of culture
Intro to cross-cultural management research
The Hofstede study
The GLOBE study
The Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner study
Hall & Hall’s cultural dimensions
The development of cultures
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
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Vocabulary
Culture as defined by: Kluckhohn & Kroeber, Hansen, Schein
artefacts, values, underlying assumptions
cross-cultural management
Hofstede:
power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity vs. masculinity,
individualism vs. collectivism, long-term orientation
Confucianism, Confucianism dynamics
GLOBE:
ingroup, in-group collectivism vs. institutional collectivism
organizational culture, national culture, gender egalitarianism,
assertiveness, performance orientation, humane orientation
Trompenaars, & Hampden-Turner:
universalism vs. particularism, communitarianism, neutral vs.
emotional, diffuse vs. specific, ascriptive vs. achievement,
sequential vs. synchronic time, internal vs. external control
Hall & Hall:
high vs. low context, spatial orientation,
Chapter 2
polychrome vs. monochrome time
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
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Objectives
Learn these key findings and themes:
1. Definitions of culture
2. Cultural concepts
3. Results of various intercultural mgmt. studies:
Hofstede, GLOBE, Trompenaars, & others
4. Reflections on cross-cultural mgmt. research
5. Development of cultures
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
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Definitions of culture
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
5 of 27
Kluckhohn & Kroeber def. of culture
Culture consists in patterned ways of Thinking
Feeling
Reacting
acquired & transmitted mainly by symbols,
constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups,
including their embodiments in artefacts;
The
essential traditional ideas &
consists of
core of their attached values
culture
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
6 of 27
Hansen’s 4 elements of culture:
Standardization of 1. Communication
2. Thought
3. Feeling
4. Behavior
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
7 of 27
Schein’s concept of culture
A culture has 3 levels:
1. Artefacts - visible
2. Values – intermediate level of consciousness
3. Underlying assumptions – invisible,
unconscious
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
8 of 27
Schein’s 6 underlying assumptions
1. Nature of reality & truth
2. Time dimension
3. Effect of spatial proximity & distance
4. Nature of being human
5. Type of human activity
6. Nature of human relationships
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
9 of 27
Intro to cross-cultural mgmt. research
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
10 of 27
Goals of cross-cultural mgmt. studies
Describe organizational behavior
Compare between countries & cultures
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
11 of 27
The Hofstede study
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
12 of 27
Hofstede’s 5 culture dimensions
1. Power distance
2. Uncertainty avoidance
3. Femininity vs. masculinity
4. Individualism vs. collectivism
5. Confucianism or long-term orientation
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
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Long-term cultures characterized by:
Great endurance, persistence in pursuing goals
Position of ranking based on status
Adaptation of traditions to modern conditions
Respect of social & status obligations within limits
High savings rates & high investment activity
Readiness to subordinate oneself to a purpose
The feeling of shame
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
14 of 27
Short-term cultures characterized by:
Personal candor & stability
Avoiding loss of face
Respect of social & status obligations without
consideration of costs
Low savings rates & low investment activity
Expectations of quick profit
Respect for traditions
Greetings, presents & courtesies based on
reciprocity
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
15 of 27
Figure 2.1
Hofstede study: Power distance & individualism vs. collectivism
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
16 of 27
Table 2.1
Impact of the cultural context on HRM practices
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
17 of 27
Future Hofstede-style research issues
Realization of cross-level studies
Consider groups, organizations, & country levels
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
18 of 27
The GLOBE study
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
19 of 27
The GLOBE study questions
Are there leadership behaviors, attributes & org. practices
effective across all cultures?
Are there leadership behaviors, attributes & org. practices
effective in some cultures only?
How much do leadership attributes affect the effectiveness
of specific leadership behavior & its acceptance by
subordinates?
How much do behaviors & attributes in specific cultures
influence the well-being of members in the researched
societies?
What is the relationship between these socio-cultural
variables & an international competitive capacity
of the various sample societies?
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
20 of 27
GLOBE’s 8 culture dimensions
1. Institutional collectivism
2. In-group collectivism
3. Uncertainty avoidance
4. Power distance
5. Gender egalitarianism
6. Assertiveness
7. Performance orientation
8. Humane orientation
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
21 of 27
The Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner study
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
22 of 27
7 dimensions of Trompenaars & H-T study
a
Relationships 1. Universalism vs. particularism
between 2. Individualism vs.
people communitarianism
3. Emotional vs. neutral
4. Specific vs. diffuse
5. Ascription vs. achievement
Concept of time 6. Sequential vs. synchronic
concept of time
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
23 of 27
Hall & Hall’s cultural dimensions
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
24 of 27
Hall & Hall’s 4 dimensions
1. High vs. low context communication
2. Spatial orientation
actual distance between people when communicating
4. Information speed
high or low information flow during communication
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
25 of 27
The development of cultures
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
26 of 27
Cultures change
There is increasing
1. International connectedness
2. Global economy coordination
3. Harmonization of laws & regulations
4. Migration
Chapter 2
For use with International Human Resource Management 6e ISBN-10: 1408032090
By Peter J. Dowling, Marion Festing, and Allen D. Engle. Sr. © Cengage Learning
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