Michael P.

Vale
Instructor 1
POLITICAL SCIENCE
- A systematic study of the State
and the Government.
-The word POLITICAL is derived
from the Greek word POLIS
meaning CITY. A Polis is
equivalent, as of today to a
sovereign State.
-The word SCIENCE came from
the Latin word SCIRE meaning TO
KNOW.
 STATE
-A community of persons more or
less numerous (PEOPLE),
permanently occupying a definite
portion of the earths surface
(TERRITORY), independent from
outside and external control
(SOVEREIGNTY) and possessing a
government wherein a great body
of inhabitants render habitual
obedience (GOVERNMENT).
ELEMENTS OF STATE

People
Territory
Government
Sovereignty
 NATION

- A group of persons
occupying a portion of the
territory sharing the same
language, culture, tradition,
and history.
NATION VS. STATE

- A state is more of a judicial

or legal concept, while a
nation is more of a racial or
ethnical concept. A nation
may or may not be
independent of external
controls. A state may consist
of one or more states.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATE
1. DIVINE THEORY- The State is of
divine creation and the ruler is obtained
by God to rule the people. Reference
has been made by advocates of this
theory to the laws which Moses
received at Mt. Sinai, The Ten
Commandments. Others also believe in
the “mandate of heaven”- emperors of
Ancient Japan and China. The emperors
of the Holy Roman Empire, on the other
hand were ordained and crowned by the
Pope, bishop of Rome.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATE
2. NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY-
Maintains that States must have been
created through force by some great
warriors who imposed their will upon the
weak.
3. PATERNALISTIC THEORY- The origin
of States started with the enlargement of
the family, which remained under the
authority of a father or mother. By natural
stages, the family grew into a clan, then
developed into tribes which broadens to
nation and into a State.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF STATE
4. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY-
Asserts that the early states must have
been formed by deliberate and voluntary
compact among the people to form a
society and organize a government for
their common good. This theory justifies
the right of the people to revolt against
a bad ruler.
FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
CONSTITUENT- Those which
constitute the bond of society and
therefore are compulsory in nature.
Ex: The main function of the State to
protect its citizens and territory
MINISTRANT- Those undertaken
only by way of the society and are,
therefore options of such as public
works, publication, public charity,
health and safety regulations and
regulation of trade and commerce.
INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
POLICE POWER- The power of
the State to regulate individual’s
rights and property for general
welfare.
EMINENT DOMAIN or POWER OF
EXPROPRIATION- It is the power of
the State to take possession of
private property for public purpose
and after payment of just
compensation.
INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
POWER OF TAXATION- The
power of the State to enforce
proportionate contributions from the
people for support of all government
programs and services.
The FORMS of Government
DEMOCRACY
MONARCHY
REPUBLICANISM
TOTALITARIANISM
FASCISM
DICTATORSHIP
COMMUNISM
OLIGARCHY
MERITOCRACY
ANARCHY
 DEMOCRACY
The word democracy comes
from ancient Greek word
“demos” meaning ‘people’ and
“kratos” ‘rule of government’.
It is a system of government
of where leaders have been
elected by the people.
TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
DIRECT DEMOCRACY- A form of
government where the people directly
approves or disapproves a legislation.
Ex: Greece
INDIRECT DEMOCRACY- A form of
Democracy where the people elects
representative to craft legislations. Ex:
Philippines
PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY-
The elected representatives meet in
parliament to make laws and choose the
Prime Minister. Ex: Canada
 MONARCHY
A monarchy is a form of
government wherein an individual
leader holds the position of head of
state or government for life, having
inherited the position, and who
passes it on to a relative, usually a
son or daughter.
The leader is called a “Monarch”,
usually a “King, Queen, Prince,
Princess, Duke, Duchess , Emperor,
Empress, Czar, Tsar.”
 TYPES OF MONARCHY
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY- A monarchy where the
“monarch” holds great power and made all of the decisions
and laws of the country. The monarch acts as the head of
legislative, executive and judiciary. The monarch is also the
head of state and government. Ex: Saudi Arabia
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY- A monarchial country
which has a written Constitution that sets out the rules for
how the country will be governed and the rights and
responsibilities of its people, and has a monarch as Head of
State. In this monarchy, the monarch fills ceremonial roles
with little or no power regarding the actual governing of the
country, while there is a leader who acts as head of
government. Ex: England
TYPES OF MONARCHY
ARISTOCRACY- The State is
headed by an Aristocrat- anyone
born with “title”, commonly Duke or
Duchess or the one with the highest
Social Class “Elite” who typically
owns most of the lands and is the
richest and powerful than any other
citizen of the country.
Sometimes, the rule also rests in
the hands of best individuals or by
the small privileged class.
 REPUBLICANISM
A country whose head of
government is an elected or chosen
president. Sometimes the president
is also the Head of State. Ex: U.S.A
Presidents are usually elected for
a specific length of time. This is
called a ‘term of office’. In some
countries a president may only serve
a particular number of terms, usually
“no reelection” or two consecutive
terms only.
 TOTALITARIANISM
The government holds absolute
control over all aspects of the lives
of its people. A set of beliefs is
imposed on the people, who have to
conform or face unpleasant
consequences.
This form of government came into
being in the 1920s when the Nazi
Germany came into power.
 FASCISM
Fascism is a form of government
usually headed by a dictator.
It involves total government control of
political, economic, cultural, religious and
social activities. Some industries may be
owned by individuals, but under
government control. This form of
government includes extreme patriotism,
warlike policies and extreme
discrimination against minority groups. Ex:
Fascist Italy before WWII
 COMMUNISM
An economic system in which there is little or no private
ownership - property is held by the community rather than
by individuals. All economic activity is controlled by the
government, including things like what crops are grown,
what goods are manufactured, and to whom they are sold
and at what prices.
The decisions made by Communist governments are
those that are normally made by private individuals in non-
Communist countries including citizens’ education and
career track.
Communist governments are usually a form of
totalitarianism, and traditionally allow only approved
candidates to stand for election and there is usually little or
no choice of candidates at an election. Ex: Cuba
 OLIGARCHY
An oligarchy is a form of government
in which only a few wealthy people hold
power.
A republic may be an oligarchy if just
a few people have the right to vote.
In most oligarchies, the power of the
leadership is supported by the wealthy
and the military.
Ex: South Africa in time of apartheid –
extreme racial inequity between white
and black people.
MERITOCRACY
A government ruled by the
“talented”
The “talented” are chosen
and moved ahead by the basis
of their achievements.
The leadership is selected
on the basis of intellectual
criteria.
Ex: Singapore
 ANARCHY
A situation of confusion and wild behavior among the
citizens in which the people are no longer controlled by
rules or laws.
This is also called the State of Lawlessness or Political
Disorder due to the absence of governmental authority.
Ex: Philippines
(JOKE!) There is no country with Anarchy
so far.
Some Anarchist believed that Anarchy can give birth to a
“UTOPIAN” (perfect) society where individuals enjoy
complete freedom without government.
Thank You…