PHYSICS

MOTION
KINEMATICS- MOTION
A science that deals with the study of the
description of motion
Describing the motion in terms of its velocity,
distance, time and acceleration
Examples:
1. vehicles on the road
2. students walking
3. LRT train
MOTION
•Define as a continuous change of
position with respect to a certain
reference point.
•
REFERENCE POINT
• Is a physical entity such as the earth’s
surface, the deck of a ship or a moving
vehicle, to which the position and
motion of an object is relative.
 TYPES OF MOTION

• Rectilinear Motion – motion in a straight line

(horizontal and vertical);
• Curvilinear Motion – motion along a curve path
(projectiles);
• Circular Motion – motion along a circular path.
 TERMINOLOGY
• Distance
• Displacement
• Is a scalar quantity, which
• Is a vector quantity which refers
refers to “how much ground an
to “how far out of place an object
object has covered?” during its
is?” it is the objects overall change
motion
in position.
• A scalar measure of the
• A vector measure of the interval
interval between two locations
between two locations measured
measured along the actual path
along the shortest path connecting
connecting them
them.
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE
MALAYA walks 4 meters east, 2 meters south, 4
meters west and finally 2 meters north. The total
distance of Mr. Estacio is 12 meters, and his
displacement is 0 meter. It Is just because, during
the course of his motion, he has “covered 12 meters
of ground”. Yet when he is finished walking, he is
not “out of place”, there is no displacement for his
motion .
 SPEED
• Is a scalar quantity, which describes “how fast” something is moving?
• Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers
distance.
• Example: A fast moving object has a high speed and covers a relatively
large distance in a short amount of time. A slow-moving object has a
low speed and covers a relatively small amount of distance in a short
amount of time. An object with no movement at all has a zero speed.
• The SI unit for speed is m/s
Average Speed vs. Instantaneous Speed
 Instantaneous Speed – the speed at any given
instant in time. This is also defined as the
speed at which you are currently traveling at
the moment.
 Average Speed – the average of all
instantaneous speeds; found simply by distance
VELOCITY
• Is a vector quantity, which refers to
“the rate at which an object changes
its position”
• Velocity is direction aware. When
evaluating the velocity of an object;
one must keep track of direction. Ex.
55 m/s, east.
ACCELERATION
• Define as the rate of change of velocity.
• Acceleration is inherently a vector quantity,
and an object will have non-zero
acceleration if its speed and / or direction
are changing.
• The SI unit of acceleration is in meters /
second2 (m/s2).
•
 VERTICAL MOTION
• Acceleration Due to Gravity
• The most common example of uniformly
accelerated motion is the motion of a body falling
freely.
• According to Galileo “at a given location on the
earth and in the absence of air resistance, all
objects fall with the same constant acceleration”.
 FREE FALL
• Free fall is a state when an object which moves under the sole
influence of gravity.
• The constant acceleration of a freely falling body is called the
acceleration due to gravity, and we denote its magnitude with the
letter g.
• The value of g is not quite the same at all places on the earth. For
some purposes it is sufficiently accurate to use g = 32 ft/s2, 980 cm/s2,
or 9.8 m/s2.
• Because g is the magnitude of a vector quantity, it is always a positive
number. On the surface of the moon the value of the acceleration due
to gravity is 1.6 m/s2, while near the surface of the sun is 270 m/s2.
 PROJECTILE MOTION
• Movement experienced by a body thrown at an angle not
equal to 90 degrees and follows a curvilinear path called
trajectory.
• A projectile is an object upon which only the force of gravity is
acting. In this chapter we will assume that the influence of air
resistance is neglected.
• Generally, the projectile is an object thrown into the air;
• Vertically upward or downward,
 ELEMENTS OF A PROJECTILE MOTION

• Range – the maximum horizontal distance traveled by

the projectile.
• Maximum Height – the maximum vertical displacement
traveled by the projectile in its trajectory
• Time of Flight – the entire duration while the projectile
is in its trajectory.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

• An object moves at a constant speed

along a circular path, experience
uniform circular motion.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

• Newton’s Laws of motion are three physical

laws which provide relationships between the
forces acting on a body and the motion of the
body.
• Sir Isaac Newton first compiled them in his
book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (1687).
LAW OF INERTIA

•Every object continues in its state

of rest, or of uniform velocity in a
straight line, as long as no net
force acts on it.”
 INERTIA

•Is the property of a body to resist a change

in its current state
•Mass is the measure of inertia: “The
greater the mass the Greater the Inertia”
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE
1. A jeepney going to Sauyo comes to a sudden stop, and all
the passengers including MR EGO and MS. KINA slide forward
to the driver’s seat. What force causes them to do that?

Answer:
It is not “Force” that does it. The passengers continue their
state of motion, maintaining their velocity (friction slows them
down), that is why they move forward. According to the first
law, an object in motion will remain in motion, unless there is
LAW OF ACCELERATION

• The acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting on it,
and is inversely proportional to its mass.
The direction of the acceleration is in the
direction of the net force acting on the
object.”
F = MA EQ. 5.1 A = F/M EQ. 5.2

• Using the relationship between the three

variables (acceleration, mass and Force)
we have the following equations
 WORKED EXAMPLES

•1. An objects’ mass is 80 kg. How much

force does the earth apply to it?
• Given: a = 9.8
m/s 2

• m = 80 kg
• F = ?
• Solution:
•
• F = m a = (80 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 784 kg
m/s2 or 784 N
SAMPLE PROBLEM

• 2. A car has a mass of 1000 kilograms.

Find the net force accelerating the car
if its acceleration is 1 m/s
.
2
• Given: m = 1000 kg
• a = 1 m/s 2

• Solution:
• F=m ∙a =
100 kg 1 mΤs2 = 1000 kg ∙
m
Τs2
LAW OF INTERACTION

Whenever one object exerts a

• “

force on a second object, the

second exerts an equal force in
opposite direction on the first.”
CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLES

•A reaction engine is an engine

which provides propulsion by
expelling reaction mass, in
accordance with Newton's
third law of motion
 FORCES

• It is a push or a pull exerted on an object.

• Some forces may cause an object to bend, twist and stretch.
•
• Representing Forces
• Force is a vector, so in figures, it is represented by an arrow.
The arrows’ length is related to the size of force and the
arrows’ direction shows you the direction of the force.
External Forces (Push or Pull)

Push Pull

TYPES OF FORCES

• External Forces (Push or Pull)

 PUSH AND PULL

• Let us take a look at forces that act exist in a system.

This involves a simple push and pull for an outside or
external force, to complex one like tension and friction.
• In some cases, force will cause an object to move its
position or it would cause an object to rotate.
 FORCE OF WEIGHT

Mass
• It refers to the amount of matter that is contained by the
object.
• Mass of an object (measured in kg) will be the same no matter
where in the universe that an object is located. It is never
altered by location, the pull of gravity, speed or even the
existence of the other forces.
 WEIGHT

• It is the force of gravity acting upon an object.

• Weight of an object (measured in Newton) will vary
according to where in the universe the object is.
• Weight depends upon which planet is exerting the
force and the distance the object is from the
planet.
 NORMAL FORCE (N)
• The normal force on a body is generally associated
with the force that the surface of one body exerts
on the surface of another body in the absence of
any frictional forces between the two surfaces.
• The normal force is always perpendicular to the
surfaces in contact. This is the origin of its name –
normal to the surface.
 FRICTION

• A force that works against the direction of a given

force, and thus impedes all motion.
• It occurs when two surfaces in contact each other
move against each other; or at least even if one
object attempts to move against the other.
TYPES OF FRICTION

• Static Friction – Friction that prevents

an object from moving.
• Kinetic Friction – Friction that exists
when an object is in motion.
TENSION
• A force that is present in ropes, strings, cables
and other similar materials.
• In dealing with tension, we will assume the
following for simplicity;
•
• The rope, string and cables are considered
massless;
• The tension is the same for the entire rope.
WORK
• Work is the scalar product of the force acting on
an object and the displacement caused by that
force.
• The SI unit for work is Joule (J) or Newton˖
meter (N˖ m).
• WK = F x d
•
• WK = F (cos θ) d
WORKED EXAMPLE

• .A porter pulls a 10 kg luggage along a level

road for 5 m by exerting a force of 20 N at an
angle of 30° with the horizontal shoulder
through a vertical distance of 1.5 m and carries
it for another 5 m. How much work does he do
in (a) pulling, (b) lifting and (c) carrying the
luggage on his shoulder?
Pulling the luggage
Given: F = 20 N
θ = 30°
d = 5m
W = ?
SOLUTION:

•WK = F (cos θ) d = 20 N (cos

30) (5 m) = 87 N m or 87 J
• Lifting the luggage
• Given: F = 20 N
• d= 1.5 m
•W = ?
SOLUTION

• First solve for the weight of the luggage;

• F = m g = (10 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 98 kg m/s2 or 98 N

• WK = F d = (98 N) (1.5 m) = 147 N m or 147 J

POWER
• It is the rate of doing work, it is the work / time ratio.
Mathematically it is computed using the equation below;
•
• Power = work / time Eq. 8.1
•
• where : t = is the time interval during which work is
accomplished.
POWER
• The standard metric unit of power is watt.
• 1 watt = 1 Joule / second
• 1 kilowatt = 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 M J
•
• For historical reasons, the horse power is occasionally
used to describe the power delivered by a machine.
• 1 horse power = 746 watts = 0.746 kW
• 1 kW = 1.34 hp
 WORKED EXAMPLE
• . A piano mover pushes on a piano with force of 100 N, moving it 9 m
in 12 seconds. With how much power does the piano mover push?
•
• Given: F = 100 N
• D = 9.0 m
• W = ?
• t = 12 s
SOLUTION
• First solve for the work done;
•
• WK = F d = (100 N) (9.0 m) = 900 N m
or 900 J
•
• P = W / t = 900 J / 12 s = 75 J /
s or 75 Watts
 ENERGY
• Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform
work.
• Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or
mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical,
or other forms.
• The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or Newton-meter
(N * m). The joule is also the SI unit of work.
FORMS OF ENERGY
• Energy has a number of different forms, all of
which measure the ability of an object or
system to do work on another object or
system.
• In other words, there are different ways that
an object or a system can possess energy.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

• According to the law of conservation

of energy, the total energy of a
system remains constant, though
energy may transform into another
form.