Presented by

SUMAN SARKAR

Under the guidance of

DR. SUJIT KUMAR PAL
Associate professor

Civil Engineering Department

National Institute of Technology, Agartala

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 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• METHODOLOGY
• MATERIALS
• EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
• CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION
From the early days of civilization, Soils
have been used in different civil
engineering structures such as buildings,
highway and railway embankments,
air fields and earth dams etc.
Sometimes the available soil may need
to improve to enhance their
engineering performance.
• Compaction is the common and simple
method of soil improvement.
• On the other hand, Pre-calculation of the
future settlement of these structures is
beneficial to take the necessary steps
against their settlements. That’s why the
study of compaction and consolidation
characteristics of soils plays a vital role
in construction practices.
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Factors affecting the compaction and consolidation
COMPACTION
• Soil compaction is the process in
which the soil grains are rearrange
and packed more closely by the
application of mechanical energy.
Factors affecting compaction
• Soil Type
• Water Content
• Method of Compaction
• Compaction Energy and
• Admixtures etc.
INTRODUCTION
CONSOLIDATION
• Consolidation is the process in which
the soil mass is compressed by
removing the pore water with the
application of static loading.
Factors affecting Consolidation
• Density of soil mass
• External static loads from structures.
• Self-weight of the soil such as recently
placed fills.
• Lowering of the ground water table
etc.
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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Author & Year Paper/journal

Masoud et al. (2015) Energy analysis for the compaction of jerash cohesive soil.
Prakash et al. (2014) A study of compaction characteristics of fine grained soils
Amarnath et al. (2012) An experimental study on strength characteristics of a
loamy soil compacted at different energy levels.

Shijamol et al. (2011) Compaction and strength characteristics of soil composites

Jesmani et al. (2008) An empirical method to estimate the compaction
characteristics of clayey-gravel at different compaction
energy levels.

Jain et al. (2013) A study on consolidation characteristics of highly plastic

clay stabilized with rice husk ash.

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 OBJECTIVES

• To determine the compaction characteristics (MDD and OMC) of soil

(silty-sand soil) with the variation of number of layers in the Proctor test.

• To study the consolidation characteristics (compression index, coefficient

of compressibility, coefficient of volume change and coefficient of
consolidation) of the soil at the OMC and MDD obtained by the Proctor
tests.

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 METHODOLOGY

• Compaction energy of Proctor test • In this experimental study the

depends on compaction energy has been
changed by changing the number
1. Weight of Hammer
of layers only in the Proctor test.
2. Height of Fall
• One dimensional consolidation
3. Number of Layers tests are conducted at the OMC
4. Number of Blows per Layer and MDD obtained from the
5. Volume of Mould Proctor tests.
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 × 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
Compaction Energy (E) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑

Compaction Energy Levels

Energy Energy Number Number Height of Weight of
levels (kJ/m3) of layer of blows fall (m) hammer
(kg)
E1 394.94 2 25 0.31 2.6
E2 (IS light) 592.41 3 25 0.31 2.6
E3 789.88 4 25 0.31 2.6
E4 987.35 5 25 0.31 2.6
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 MATERIALS

HOWRAH RIVER SOIL (silty-sand) • This soil was collected from

Howrah river bank near
Agartala West Tripura district,
India. This is a water bound
transported soil, major portion
is silt having some sand and
least amount of clay.

Collected from Howrah river bank,

Agartala, India

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 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

• Grain Size Analysis

a. Dry sieving
b. Hydrometer test
• Specific Gravity Test (Density bottle)
• Shrinkage limit (SL)
• Plastic limit (PL)
• Liquid limit (LL)
• Compaction Test (Proctor)
• Consolidation Test (Consolidometer)
• Direct Shear Test
• Permeability Test (Falling head)

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Physical and Engineering Properties
Properties Results
Specific Gravity (G) 2.55
Sand (%) 18.50
Silt (%) 70.50
Clay (%) 11.00
Liquid limit (%) 34.20
Plastic limit (%) 30.60
Shrinkage limit (%) 26.29
Plasticity Index, PI (%) 3.60
Plasticity Low
Maximum dry density (kN/m3) 16.74
Optimum moisture content (%) 19.00
Angle of internal friction (degree) 18.00
Cohesion (kN/m2) 47.00
Compression index Cc 0.059
Coefficient of consolidation, cv (m2/min) at 9.14×10-6
8.0 kg/cm2
Coefficient of volume change, mv (m2/kN) at 8.35×10-5
4 to 8 kg/cm2
Coefficient of compression, av (m2/kN) at 4 to 1.17×10-4
8 kg/cm2
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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Grain size analysis of soil

100

90

80
• Sand= 18.5%

Percentage finer (%)

70

• Silt=70.5% 60

50
• Clay=11% 40

30

20
• Coefficient of 10
uniformity=30.67 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
• Coefficient of curvature=3.7
Particle size (mm)
Uniformly Graded
Silty-sand Soil

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Variation of MDD and OMC of silty-sand soil with the numbers of layer
1.8

. 1.76
1.75
1.74
1.72
MDD (%)

1.7 1.7
1.68

Dry density (gm/cc)

1.66
1.65
1.64
1.62 SPT 5 layers
1.6 1.6 SPT 4 layers
400 900
SPT 3 layers
Compaction energy(KJ/m3)
1.55 SPT 2 layers

Number MDD OMC 1.5

of layer (gm/cc) (%)

1.45
2 1.625 20.12 9 14 19 24 29
Water content (%)
3 1.674 19.0
4 1.716 17.95
5 1.74 16.66

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Coefficient of Compressibility (av) of silty-sand soil

compacted at various energy levels
• with the increase of effective stress av
Pressure Coefficient of Compressibility (av) for various value decreases at a particular
(kg/cm2) energy levels (cm2/kg ×10-2)
compaction energy level and also av
E1 E2 E3 E4 value decreases with the increase in
0.25 10.6 9.4 8.2 6.9 energy level at a particular effective
stress.
0.5 8.94 7.0 6.24 4.68
0.6

1.0 4.04 4.7 3.2 2.8 0.55

0.5
2.0 2.86 2.83 1.95 1.61

void ratio e
0.45 E4
4.0 2.11 1.5 1.325 1.13 0.4 E3
E2
0.35
8.0 1.42 1.17 0.88 0.75 E1
0.3
16 0.95 0.72 0.608 0.467 0.25
0 5 10 15 20
pressure (kg/cm2)
Value of av can be decreased approx.
16-18% by increasing the one number
of layer during compaction. 13
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Coefficient of volume change (mv) of silty-sand soil

compacted at various energy levels
Pressur Coefficient of volume change (mv) at
e different energy levels (cm2/kg ×10-2)
(kg/cm2) E1 E2 E3 E4

0.25 6.7 6.17 5.5 4.8

 with the increase of effective 0.5 5.6 5.38 4.19 3.19
stress mv value decreases at a
1.0 4.13 4.24 3.17 2.05
particular compaction energy
2.0 2.9 3.04 2.24 1.57
level and also mv value decreases
with the increase in energy level 4.0 2.16 2.02 1.56 1.17
at a particular effective stress. 8.0 1.53 1.39 1.08 0.84

16 1.068 0.93 0.74 0.58

 Value of mv can be decreased approx.

16-18% by increasing the one
number of layer during compaction.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Variation of Compression index (cc) of silty-sand soil

with energy levels
Energy level Compaction energy Compression index
(kN-m/m3) (cc)
E1 404.03 0.067

E2 (IS light) 606.04 0.059

E3 808.06 0.053

E4 1010.07 0.046

0.55

0.5
• With the increase in energy level the
value of Compression index (cc)
0.45
decreases.
void ratio e

E4
0.4
E3 • And the decrement is nearly about
0.35 E2 11.75% for the increment of each
E1
0.3 energy level during compaction.
0.25
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
pressure (kg/cm2)

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Coefficient of Consolidation (cv) of silty-sand soil compacted

at various energy levels
Pressure Value of cv for various compaction energy
(kg/cm2) level (cm2/min x10-2) With the increase of compaction
E1 E2 E3 E4
energy the value of cv decreases at a
0.25 33.3 23.3 20.91 18.56 particular effective stress.
0.5 31.23 17.3 19.5 17.12 Further it has been said that the time
1.0 25.0 15.3 17.21 14.23 required for achieving a given degree
2.0 23.1 11.8 11.42 10.57
of consolidation increases with the
increase of compaction energy during
4.0 21.32 10.6 10.12 9.24
compaction.
8.0 19.47 9.14 8.42 7.65

16 13.1 5.76 5.12 4.96

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 CONCLUSIONS
• With the increase of compaction energy the maximum dry density (MDD)
increases and optimum moisture content (OMC) decreases.
• With the increase in compaction energy the coefficients of consolidation
[coefficient of compressibility (av), volumetric compression (mv),
compression index (cc) and Coefficient of Consolidation (cv) ] are
improves.
• av and mv value decreases about 16-18% by increase one number of layer
during compaction.
• cc value decreases about 11.75% by increase one number of layer during
compaction.
• As av mv and cc values are directly related to the settlement of the soil
mass, the future settlement can be decrease by increase the compaction
energy during compaction.
• Further, it has been observed that the time required for achieving a given
degree of consolidation increases with the increase in compaction energy
during compaction.

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 REFERENCES

• Masoud, T. Alsharie, H. Ahmad Q. (2015) “Energy Analysis for the Compaction of Jerash Cohesive Soil”, Scientific
Research and publishing, 27 March 2015
• Yilmaz, Y. (2015) “Compaction and strength characteristics of fly ash and fiber amended clayey-silt soil”,
Engineering Geology, 183 (2015) 168-177
• Manash,B. Malaya,C. and Sridharan, A. (2014) “A comparative study on the compaction characteristics of clay-
sand mix and clay-quarry dust mix”, Indian Geotechnical Conference, Dec 18-20, 2014, Kakinada, India.
• Prakash, K. Prasanna, H.S. and Sridharan, A. (2014) “A study of compaction characteristics of fine grained soils”,
Indian Geotechnical Conference, Dec 18-20, 2014, Kakinada, India.
• Chamket, P. Horpibulsuk, S. Suddeepong, A. and Chinkulkijniwat A. (2013) “Compaction behavior of fine -
grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks”, Soils and Foundations 2013; 53(1):166–172
• Shijamol, B. and Sayida, M.K. (2011) “Compaction and strength characteristics of soil composites”, Indian
Geotechnical Conference, Dec 15-17, 2011, Kochi (Paper No. H-095.)
• Jesmani, M. Nasiri Manesh, A. Hoseini, S. M. R. (2008) “Optimum Water Contentand Maximum Dry Unit Weight
of Clayey-silt Gravels at Different Compactive Efforts”, EJGE, Vol. 13, Bund. L
• Arora, K. R. (2008). “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, 7th edition, Standard Publishers Distributors,
Chandni Chowk, New Delhi
• Punmia, B.C. Jain, A. K. and Jain, A. K. (2005). Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 16 th edition, Laxmi Publications
(p) Ltd. pp (407)
• Murthy, V.N.S. (2002). “Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, CRC Press. pp
(959)
• IS: 2720-Part 1 (1983). “Preparation of dry soil samples for various tests”, 2nd Revision, BIS, New Delhi, April
1984
• IS: 2720-Part 7 (1970). “Determination of Water Content- Dry density Relation using light compaction”, 2nd
Revision, BIS, New Delhi, Dec 1980
• IS: 2720- part 13 (1986). “Direct Shear Test”, 2nd Revision, BIS, New Delhi, May1987
• IS: 2720 part 15 (1986). “Determination of Consolidation Properties”, 1st Revision, BIS, New Delhi, May1987
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THANK YOU

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