TOWN PLANNING

Unit 1
By
Mr. Kumbhar V. P.
Assistant Professor
 Planning
• Definition of planning is subjective
• It is considered a science and art.
• It is pre-thinking and pre-arranging things.
• Planning is a future-oriented problem solving process.
• It is a way of thinking about social and economic problems
• It is concerned with the relation of goals to collective decisions
and strives for comprehensiveness in policies and programs.
• It is the link between technical knowledge and action in the
public domain.
• An orderly sequence of activities that will lead to the
accomplishment of stated goals

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 Town Planning
• Town Planning: “the arrangement of various components or
units of a town in such a way that the town attains the
significance of a living organism”
• It is the art and science of organizing land use and sitting of
buildings and communication routes to provide best
possible degree of economy, beauty and convenience in
terms of the available resources and time.
• It is the organization of all elements of a town or other
urban environment
• Town planning integrates land use and other managerial
aspects of settlements to improve the economic and social
environments of communities and achieving health, beauty,
convenience, preservation and sustainability.

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 Goals
The goal of planning is creating convenient, equitable, healthy,
efficient and attractive environments.
Three key aspects of a city
• The physical environment - its location, its climate and its
proximity to sources of food and water.
• The social environment - The social environment includes
the groups of a city's residents belong to the neighbourhoods in
which they live.
• The economic environment - the retention and expansion of
existing local businesses.

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 Objectives
• Beauty
• Use of natural surroundings
• Architectural finishes to various components
• Preservation of trees/greenery
• Architectural control on public/semi-public buildings, historic,
ancient buildings etc.

• Convenience
• Various economic, social and recreational amenities to be given to
public, such as
 Cheap power
 Proper industrial sites
 Transport facilities
 Adequate water supply
 Easy sewage disposal
 Open spaces/ parks/ town halls/ play grounds/ theatres etc.
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 Objectives
• Environment
• Complex problems in urban living such as
 Travel to work
 Long working hours
 Less/ no time for society
• Better relation between man and environment shall be developed

• Health
• Right use of land for right purpose
• Provide parks/ playgrounds for public
• Maintain pollution of various forms to lowest possible degree.
• Achieved by dividing land into various zones resi/comm/industrial
• Avoid encroachment of one zone upon the other

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 Necessity
In absence of town planning, town faces following kind of problems
• Defective road system, narrow streets/ roads
• Development of slums
• Haphazard location of industries
• Heavy traffic during working hours of day
• Inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds, i.e. unhealthy
living conditions
• Lack of essential amenities like power, water supply, drainage
• Noisy atmosphere
• Uncontrolled development of town

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 Principles
• Green belt
 Provision of it on periphery limits the size of town
• Housing
 Provide housing accommodation to various categories of people
 Slum clearance by alternate arrangement
• Public buildings
 Should be well distributed
 Central concentration of them shall be avoided
• Recreation centers
 As per town size, enough space shall be reserved
• Road system
 Efficient road lay-out
 Simple and economical
• Transport facilities
 Minimum loss of time from residence place to work place
• Zoning
 Town shall be divided in suitable zones
 Suitable rules & regulations for each
Mr. Kumbhar zoneProfessor)
V.P. (Assistant 8
 Eminent Town Planners
• Ebenezer Howard (Garden city)
• Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker (Letchworth city)
• Clarence Perry, Clarence Stein (The Neighborhood Unit, Rad burn)
• Patrick Geddes (Survey before plan)
• Patrick Abercrombie (Town and Country Planning)
• Frank Lioyd Wright (Broadacre City)
• Le Corbusier (Sector planning, Chandigarh)
• Arturo Soria-y-Mata (Linear city)
• Charles Corea (Community housing)
• Charles Milford Robinson (Modern Civic Art)
• H.K. Mewada and P.M. Apte (Sector planning, Gandhinagar)

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 Ebenezer Howard
• (1850-1928)
• Concept: The Garden city concept
• Book written "garden city of
tomorrow“
• ideas of garden city by an
impressive diagram of "three
magnets“

Affordability
• Howard wanted garden city for all
incomes
• Most originally for those of modest
incomes
• Their attractiveness as living
environments has often made them
become more popular with better off
people

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Main features of garden city
• public building located centrally
• shopping centre to be located on the edge
• industries to be located on outskirts of the town
• Rural fresh air, gardens, playfields, cottages etc. And amenities of
urban life schools, theatres, hospitals, recreation centres etc.
• land to be brought under co-operative basis
Examples of modest income garden city ‐
• Kapyla (Helsinki, Finland),
• Colonel Light Gardens (Adelaide, Australia) and
• Orechovka (Prague, Czech Republic)

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 Sir Patrick Geddes

• (1854 – 1932)
• Concept: survey before plan
• emphasis on survey before plan
• Diagnosis before treatment to make a correct diagnosis of various
ills from which the town suffers & then describe correct remedies
for his cure
Principal
• Relationship among folk, places and work.
• Folk organism (social aspect)
• place (physical aspect)
• work (economical aspect)

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• Rural development, Urban Planning and City Design are not the
same and adopting a common planning process is disastrous
• “Conurbation” ‐waves of population inflow to large cities,
followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and then the wave
of backflow – the whole process resulting in amorphous sprawl,
waste, and unnecessary obsolescence.
• The sequence of planning is to be:
• Regional survey
• Rural development
• Town planning
• City design
• These are to be kept constantly up to‐date
• He gave his expert advice for the improvement of about 18 major
towns in India.

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 Le Corbusier
• (1887-1965)
• Concept: City is a living organism
• Chandigarh sector wise city planner
• towns are biological phenomenon
• towns are biological phenomenon such as hearts, limbs, lungs and
arteries.
Principal
• Core of the city should be decongested by removing the excess of
population
• Provision of speedy transportation
• Provision open space in the form of garden, parks, etc.
• High density population spread over the entire area
• Family should not be enclose in compound wall instead it is to be
lifted up so landscape goes below and occupants can enjoy the
beauty of surrounding country
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 The Open Hand
• The Open Hand is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a
sign for "peace and reconciliation.
• It is open to give and open to receive.

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 Sir Patrick Abercrombie
• (1879 – 1957)
• Concept: Regional Planning
• planner of city like greater London, Bristol, etc.
Principal
• Civic survey before planning
• town shall be considered as a whole unit
• Uncontrolled growth of city should be stop
• Industries should be located on the outer area

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Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin
• Richard Barry Parker (1867 – 1947) & Sir Raymond Unwin
(1863 – 1940) made Letchworth city planning

Letchworth Garden City

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 Clarence Stein
• Concept: The Neighborhood Unit, Rad burn
• along with Henry Wright prepared the town Rad-Burn in New
Jersey , 1928
Principles
• No grid iron road pattern
• Overall planning of the whole neighbourly area
• pedestrian should be safe and segregated from other vehicular
traffic
• House to be turn inside out
• community park spreading on whole of the area

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• Walking distance radius is
one mile.
• In the figure A, elementary
school is the centre of the
unit and within a one half
mile radius of all residents in
the neighbourhood, local
shopping centers located
near the school.
• Residential streets are
suggested as CUL‐DE‐SACS to
eliminate through traffic and
park space flows into the
neighbourhood
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Cul-de-sac streets
 US
Baldwin Hills
Los Angels
Kitimat B.C

 England ‐ post WWII –

Coventry,
Stevenage,
Bracknell and
Cumbermauld

 Sweden –
Vallingby,
 Chandigarh, India Baronbackavna Estate, Orebro &
 Brazilia, Brazil Beskopsgaden Estate Goteborg
 Several towns in Russia
 Section of Osaka , Japan
 Wellington, New Zealand
 US ‐ Reston, Virginia & Columbia,
Maryland
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 Arturo Soria-y-Mata
• (1844-1920)
• Concept: Linear city
• invented urban telephone networks
• a subway system for Madrid
• established a magazine on urbanism called "La Ciudad Lineal“
• first linear city around Madrid to fruition intended to be 48
kilometres long, ringing the city, with a 7 kilometre radial
connection.
• Soria's linear city creates the infrastructure for a controlled process
of expansion that joins one growing city to the next in a rational
way, instead of letting them both sprawl.

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 H.K.Mewada and P.M.Apte

VIDHAN SABHA VIEW AND ROTARY GANDHINAGAR

The city was planned and implemented between 1965-1970 by two

Indian planners, H.K.Mewada and P.M.Apte.

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 Charles Corea
• (Born Sept 1, 1930)
• Concept: Different Community housing planning
• Memorial: Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Museum at the Sabarmati,
Ashrams in Ahmedabad,
Apartment tower in Mumbai,
Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur,
planning of Navi Mumbai.

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 Town planning in Ancient India
• Most of the early civilization have sprung on the banks of some
navigable rivers or at any natural port which not only provide
security to the town but also acted as a communicating link from
one civilization to another.

• Physical Safety and communication links are the two prime factors
which lead to the development of towns.

• The earliest civilizations were seen on the banks of rivers like Nile,
Ganga, Sindhu.

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• Typical Indian town  Tanks
consisted:  Reservoirs
 Markets  Underground passages
 Streets  City forts etc.
 Public buildings • Some of towns worth
 Residences for citizens mentioning are:
 Temples  Ayodhya
 Royal palace  Mohenjo-Daro
 Recreation centers  Patliputra
 Ditches / trenches  Takshasila
 Sheds for drinking water  Nalanda etc.
 Pleasure gardens

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Development of towns periodically
• Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. Even at the time
of Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
were in existence. The second phase of urbanization began around
600 BC. It continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival
of Europeans in India in 18th century. Urban historians classify
towns of India as:
• Ancient
• Vedic
• Medieval
• Modern

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 Indus valley civilization: (3000 B.C)
• It was located on the bank of river
Indus(presently in Pakistan) and
Ravi.
• In 1920, excavation was done by a
British Archeologist in Indo-
Gangatic region.
• He found that there is an old
city/civilization and there was
human settlement named Mohenjo-
Daro (which means Hill of Deads).
• It was covering an area of about 260
hectares with Harappa(on bed of
river Ravi) now in Pakistan;
Kalibangan in Rajasthan; Lothal,
Sukortada and Dholavira in Gujarat;
Rakhigadhi in Haryana, shows that
it was developed around 4000-3000
BC. Mr. Kumbhar V.P. (Assistant Professor) 27
 Vedic period: (400 BC)
• ‘Vishwakarmaprakash’ says • Various types of town plans
‘First layout the towns and described in book such as
then plan out the houses’ ‘Dandka’
 ‘MansaraShilpa-shastra’ ‘Sarvatobhadra
mentions some of aspects of ‘Swastika’
town planning like
‘Padmaka’ (lotus shaped)
 Study of soil
‘Nandyavarta’(flower shaped)
 Climatic condition
‘Prastara’
 Wind direction
‘Chatumukha’
 Orientation of building
‘Karmukha’ (bow shaped)
 Topography etc.

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 Buddhist period: (up to 320 AD)
• During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, Kautilya and
Chanakya was the chief minister who wrote the famous “Arthashastra”, a
treatise of Town Planning. Features stated in it were:
1. Regulation of zoning depending on communities.
2. Rajamarga (Highway) to be parallel to the main cardinal direction.
3. Road were aligned in grid-iron form.
4. Rajamarga to be not less than 30 ft. or nearly 3 lanes of traffic.

• The excavation carried out at Patliputra, capital of Magadha (now in

Bihar), shows evidence of advance knowledge of planning.
• Takshasila and Nalanda, the renowned place for learning were formed in
this period.
• Nalanda consist of three main essentials – stupas, temples & hotels for
monks. It had 300 halls for accommodating 10,000 pupils and libraries
were nine-storied high.
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 Medieval period: (350-1500 AD)
• Trade and commerce were developed in that period. One of the towns that
became famous due to trade & commerce is Dhaka (Bangladesh), which is
famous for Malmal and hence become a port.

• Other towns developed and become famous were:

1. Krishnanagar for clay models.

2. Agra for marble and perfumery.

3. Murshidabad for silk.

4. Jaipur for splendid buildings.

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 Mughal period: (1500-1700 AD)
• Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed.
• Other important thing started in this period was laying of gardens
and parks. It was a new trend in planning, many ornamental gardens,
of Mughal period.
• Red Fort , Kutub Minar was developed in this period by them.
• “Mughal garden” in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan was also
developed by them.
• “Fatehpur Sikhri” was developed by them during this period.

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 Pre-independence period: (before 1947)
• When the Britishers first settled in India, they found most of the towns are
unhygienic. So they built independent colonies on the outskirts of existing
towns. These extensions were called “Cantonments” and “Barracks” for
military occupied areas and “Civil lines” for the residents of civilians.
They created these cantonments:
– Delhi cantonment known as British colonies.
– Agra cantonment.
– Bangalore cantonment.
– Ahmadabad cantonment.
• After this, they found that the climate of India is so hot. So they developed
the hill- stations in the nearby area of cantonments. They were:
– Shimla nearer to Delhi.
– Matheran nearer to Mumbai.
– Kodaikanal nearer to Chennai.
– Darjeeling nearer to Kolkata.

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• In the first decade of 20th century, they took up the work of building in New
Delhi. Plan was prepared based on modern town planning principle by
eminent town planner “Edwin Lutyen’.
• He also designed Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• The industrial buildings were separated from the residential sector.
• Lutyen also contributed for making “Canaught place” which is the common
area having circular plan.

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 Post-independence period: (after 1947)
• After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as the first
prime minister of India. He invited Le Corbusier to visit India and
develop cities. Hence, Chandigarh was planned by him.
• “Rourkela” & ”Jamshedpur” were also planned by him.
• Towns planned and developed during this period were:
1. Steel towns-
• Durgapur- West Bengal
• Bhilai- Madhya Pradesh
• Rourkela- Orissa
2. Industrial towns-
• Jamshedpur- Bihar
• Bhadravati- Karnataka
• Chittaranjan- West Bengal
3. Capitals-
• Gandhinagar- Gujarat
• Chandigarh- Punjab

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• Cities like “Gandhinagar”, ”Navi Mumbai” were planned by Charles
Correa in this period.
• The other cities like Lavasa, New Nashik and New Aurangabad are coming
up.

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 Present Status of Town Planning in India
• The achievement of rapid growth that is both inclusive and sustainable, presents formidable
challenges for urban planning in India. New cities will have to be built and additional spaces
generated within existing cities and their peripheries so as to facilitate and accommodate rapid
urbanization.
• Since systems of urban planning practiced in India have not been in synchronized with the processes
of economic growth, they will need to be revitalized to address the challenges of structural
transformation of the economy with rising share of non-agricultural sectors in GDP, relocation of
people and resources from rural to urban areas, and the associated increase in urbanization.
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) made it mandatory for cities to
prepare a City Development Plan (CDP)
• Information Technology is playing an important role in urban planning through the use of GIS,
remote sensing, GPS, geo- informatics, etc
• Flexible FSI in Urban Design and Planning
• Transportation and Land Use Integration: Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), Rail based Mass Rapid
Transit System (MRTS), Metro transit projects
• In India, integrated land use planning and transport planning is emerging in major highway projects
in a number of cities (Ring roads, Corridors)
• In India, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP) (2007) highlights the importance
of adequate housing stock both on rental and ownership basis with special emphasis on improving
the affordability of the vulnerable and economically weaker sections of society through appropriate
capital or interest subsidies.’
• Indira Awas Yojna and Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) in 2011
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THANK YOU

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